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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

Suppose you are part of a team that is trying to break the sound barrier with a jet-powered car, which means that it must travel faster than the speed of sound in air. In the morning, the air
As the drawing illustrates, a siren can be made by blowing a jet of air through 20 equally spaced holes in a rotating disk. The time it takes for successive holes to move past the air jet is the
At a height of ten meters above the surface of a freshwater lake, a sound pulse is generated. The echo from the bottom of the lake returns to the point of origin 0.110 s later. The air and water
An observer stands 25 m behind a marksman practicing at a rifle range. The marksman fires the rifle horizontally, the speed of the bullets is 840 m/s, and the air temperature is 20 °C. How far does
Tsunamis are fast-moving waves often generated by underwater earthquakes. In the deep ocean their amplitude is barely noticeable, but upon reaching shore, they can rise up to the astonishing height
An ultrasonic ruler, such as the one discussed in Example 4 in Section 16.6, displays the distance between the ruler and an object, such as a wall. The ruler sends out a pulse of ultrasonic sound and
An explosion occurs at the end of a pier. The sound reaches the other end of the pier by traveling through three media: air, fresh water, and a slender metal handrail. The speeds of sound in air,
A sound wave travels twice as far in neon (Ne) as it does in krypton (Kr) in the same time interval. Both neon and krypton can be treated as monatomic ideal gases. The atomic mass of neon is 20.2 u,
A monatomic ideal gas (γ = 1.67) is contained within a box whose volume is 2.5 m3. The pressure of the gas is 3.5 × 105 Pa. The total mass of the gas is 2.3 kg. Find the speed of sound in the gas.
A long slender bar is made from an unknown material. The length of the bar is 0.83 m, its cross-sectional area is 1.3 × 10-4 m2, and its mass is 2.1 kg. A sound wave travels from one end of the bar
As the drawing shows, one microphone is located at the origin, and a second microphone is located on the + y axis. The microphones are separated by a distance of D = 1.50 m. A source of sound is
Consult Multiple-Concept Example 4 in order to review a model for solving this type of problem. Suppose that you are standing by the side of a road in the Sahara desert where the temperature has
In a mixture of argon (atomic mass = 39.9 u) and neon (atomic mass = 20.2 u), the speed of sound is 363 m/s at 3.00 × 102 K. Assume that both monatomic gases behave as ideal gases. Find the
Refer to Multiple-Concept Example 4 for a review of the concepts that play roles in this problem. Civil engineers use a transit theodolite when surveying. One version of this device determines
A source of sound is located at the center of two concentric spheres, parts of which are shown in the drawing. The source emits sound uniformly in all directions. On the spheres are drawn three small
Suppose that in Conceptual Example 8 (see Figure 16.24) the person is producing 1.1 mW of sound power. Some of the sound is reflected from the floor and ceiling. The intensity of this reflected sound
Suppose that a public address system emits sound uniformly in all directions and that there are no reflections. The intensity at a location 22 m away from the sound source is 3.0 × 10-4 W/m2. What
A man stands at the midpoint between two speakers that are broadcasting an amplified static hiss uniformly in all directions. The speakers are 30.0 m apart and the total power of the sound coming
A person fishing from a pier observes that four wave crests pass by in 7.0 s and estimates the distance between two successive crests to be 4.0 m. The timing starts with the first crest and ends with
Two sources of sound are located on the x axis, and each emits power uniformly in all directions. There are no reflections. One source is positioned at the origin and the other at x = + 123 m. The
Deep ultrasonic heating is used to promote healing of torn tendons. It is produced by applying ultrasonic sound over the affected area of the body. The sound transducer (generator) is circular with a
A rocket, starting from rest, travels straight up with an acceleration of 58.0 m/s2. When the rocket is at a height of 562 m, it produces sound that eventually reaches a ground-based monitoring
A woman stands a distance d from a loud motor that emits sound uniformly in all directions. The sound intensity at her position is an uncomfortable 3.2 × 10-3 W/m2. There are no reflections. At a
The volume control on a surround-sound amplifier is adjusted so the sound intensity level at the listening position increases from 23 to 61 dB. What is the ratio of the final sound intensity to the
A listener doubles his distance from a source that emits sound uniformly in all directions. There are no refl ections. By how many decibels does the sound intensity level change?
Sound is passing perpendicularly through an open window whose dimensions are 1.1 m × 0.75 m. The sound intensity level is 95 dB above the threshold of hearing. How much sound energy comes through
The bellow of a territorial bull hippopotamus has been measured at 115 dB above the threshold of hearing. What is the sound intensity?
Using the data in the graphs that accompany this problem, determine the speed of the wave.
Hearing damage may occur when a person is exposed to a sound intensity level of 90.0 dB (relative to the threshold of hearing) for a period of 9.0 hours. One particular eardrum has an area of 2.0 ×
A portable radio is sitting at the edge of a balcony 5.1 m above the ground. The unit is emitting sound uniformly in all directions. By accident, it falls from rest off the balcony and continues to
A source emits sound uniformly in all directions. A radial line is drawn from this source. On this line, determine the positions of two points, 1.00 m apart, such that the intensity level at one
A bird is flying directly toward a stationary bird-watcher and emits a frequency of 1250 Hz. The bird-watcher, however, hears a frequency of 1290 Hz. What is the speed of the bird, expressed as a
Dolphins emit clicks of sound for communication and echolocation. A marine biologist is monitoring a dolphin swimming in seawater where the speed of sound is 1522 m/s. When the dolphin is swimming
A convertible moves toward you and then passes you; all the while, its loudspeakers are producing a sound. The speed of the car is a constant 9.00 m/s, and the speed of sound is 343 m/s. What is the
A 3.49-rad/s (33 1/3rpm) record has a 5.00-kHz tone cut in the groove. If the groove is located 0.100 m from the center of the record (see drawing), what is the wavelength in the groove?
The security alarm on a parked car goes off and produces a frequency of 960 Hz. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. As you drive toward this parked car, pass it, and drive away, you observe the frequency
A car is parked 20.0 m directly south of a railroad crossing. A train is approaching the crossing from the west, headed directly east at a speed of 55.0 m/s. The train sounds a short blast of its
A loudspeaker in a parked car is producing sound whose frequency is 20 510 Hz. A healthy young person with normal hearing is standing nearby on the sidewalk but cannot hear the sound because the
A wireless transmitting microphone is mounted on a small platform that can roll down an incline, directly away from a loudspeaker that is mounted at the top of the incline. The loudspeaker broadcasts
A car is accelerating while its horn is sounding. Just after the car passes a stationary person, the person hears a frequency of 966.0 Hz. Fourteen seconds later, the frequency heard by the person
The siren on an ambulance is emitting a sound whose frequency is 2450 Hz. The speed of sound is 343 m/s.(a) If the ambulance is stationary and you (the "observer") are sitting in a parked car, what
A microphone is attached to a spring that is suspended from the ceiling, as the drawing indicates. Directly below on the floor is a stationary 440-Hz source of sound. The microphone vibrates up and
A recording engineer works in a soundproofed room that is 44.0 dB quieter than the outside. If the sound intensity that leaks into the room is 1.20 × 10-10 W/m2, what is the intensity outside?
A sound wave travels in air toward the surface of a freshwater lake and enters into the water. The frequency of the sound does not change when the sound enters the water. The wavelength of the sound
You are flying in an ultralight aircraft at a speed of 39 m/s. An eagle, whose speed is 18 m/s, is flying directly toward you. Each of the given speeds is relative to the ground. The eagle emits a
A car driving along a highway at a speed of 23 m/s strays onto the shoulder. Evenly spaced parallel grooves called "rumble strips" are carved into the pavement of the shoulder. Rolling over the
The average sound intensity inside a busy neighborhood restaurant is 3.2 × 10-5 W/m2. How much energy goes into each ear (area = 2.1 × 10-3 m2) during a one-hour meal?
A bat emits a sound whose frequency is 91 kHz. The speed of sound in air at 20.0 °C is 343 m/s. However, the air temperature is 35 °C, so the speed of sound is not 343 m/s. Assume that air behaves
Two transverse standing waves are shown in the drawing. The strings have the same tension and length, but the bottom string is more massive. Which standing wave, if either, is vibrating at the higher
A standing wave on a string fixed at both ends is vibrating at its fourth harmonic. If the length, tension, and linear density are kept constant, what can be said about the wavelength and frequency
A longitudinal standing wave is established in a tube that is open at both ends (see the drawing). The length of the tube is 0.80 m. What is the wavelength of the waves that make up the standing
A longitudinal standing wave is established in a tube open at only one end (see the drawing). The frequency of the standing wave is 660 Hz, and the speed of sound in air is 343 m/s. What is the
Two cellists, one seated directly behind the other in an orchestra, play the same note for the conductor, who is directly in front of them. Because of the separation between the cellists, destructive
A loudspeaker is producing sound of a certain wavelength. Which combination of the wavelength λ (expressed as a multiple of λ0) and the speaker's diameter D (expressed as a multiple of D0) would
Sound of a given frequency leaves a loudspeaker and spreads out due to diffraction. The speaker is placed in a room that contains either air or helium. The speed of sound in helium is about three
Two musicians are comparing their trombones. The first produces a tone that is known to be 438 Hz. When the two trombones play together they produce 6 beats every 2 seconds. Which statement is true
In Figure 17.7, suppose that the separation between speakers A and B is 5.00 m and the speakers are vibrating in phase. They are playing identical 125-Hz tones, and the speed of sound is 343 m/s.
A listener is standing in front of two speakers that are producing sound of the same frequency and amplitude, except that they are vibrating out of phase. Initially, the distance between the listener
Speakers A and B are vibrating in phase. They are directly facing each other, are 7.80 m apart, and are each playing a 73.0-Hz tone. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. On the line between the speakers
Consult Multiple-Concept Example 3 for background pertinent to this problem. A speaker has a diameter of 0.30 m. (a) Assuming that the speed of sound is 343 m/s, find the diffraction angle u for a
For one approach to problems such as this, see Multiple-Concept Example 3. Sound emerges through a doorway, as in Figure 17.10. The width of the doorway is 77 cm, and the speed of sound is 343 m/s.
The following two lists give the diameters and sound frequencies for three loudspeakers. Pair each diameter with a frequency, so that the diffraction angle is the same for each of the speakers, and
A 3.00-kHz tone is being produced by a speaker with a diameter of 0.175 m. The air temperature changes from 0 to 29 8C. Assuming air to be an ideal gas, find the change in the diffraction angle u.
Sound (speed = 343 m/s) exits a diffraction horn loudspeaker through a rectangular opening like a small doorway. A person is sitting at an angle a off to the side of a diffraction horn that has a
Two speakers, one directly behind the other, are each generating a 245-Hz sound wave. What is the smallest separation distance between the speakers that will produce destructive interference at a
Two pianos each sound the same note simultaneously, but they are both out of tune. On a day when the speed of sound is 343 m/s, piano A produces a wavelength of 0.769 m, while piano B produces a
A 440.0-Hz tuning fork is sounded together with an out-of-tune guitar string, and a beat frequency of 3 Hz is heard. When the string is tightened, the frequency at which it vibrates increases, and
Two ultrasonic sound waves combine and form a beat frequency that is in the range of human hearing for a healthy young person. The frequency of one of the ultrasonic waves is 70 kHz. What are (a) The
Two cars have identical horns, each emitting a frequency of fs = 395 Hz. One of the cars is moving with a speed of 12.0 m/s toward a bystander waiting at a corner, and the other car is parked. The
A sound wave is traveling in seawater, where the adiabatic bulk modulus and density are 2.31 × 109 Pa and 1025 kg/m3, respectively. The wavelength of the sound is 3.35 m. A tuning fork is struck
Two loudspeakers are mounted on a merry-go-round whose radius is 9.01 m. When stationary, the speakers both play a tone whose frequency is 100.0 Hz. As the drawing illustrates, they are situated at
The fundamental frequency of a string fixed at both ends is 256 Hz. How long does it take for a wave to travel the length of this string?
A string that is fixed at both ends has a length of 2.50 m. When the string vibrates at a frequency of 85.0 Hz, a standing wave with five loops is formed. (a) What is the wavelength of the waves that
Two wires, each of length 1.2 m, are stretched between two fixed supports. On wire A there is a second-harmonic standing wave whose frequency is 660 Hz. However, the same frequency of 660 Hz is the
To review the concepts that play roles in this problem, consult Multiple-Concept Example 4. Sometimes, when the wind blows across a long wire, a low-frequency "moaning" sound is produced. This sound
A string has a linear density of 8.5 Ã— 10-3 kg/m and is under a tension of 280 N. The string is 1.8 m long, is fixed at both ends, and is vibrating in the standing wave pattern shown in
A copper block is suspended from a wire, as in part 1 of the drawing. A container of mercury is then raised up around the block, as in part 2, so that 50.0% of the block's volume is submerged in the
The drawing shows two strings that have the same length and linear density. The left end of each string is attached to a wall, while the right end passes over a pulley and is connected to objects of
Standing waves are set up on two strings fixed at each end, as shown in the drawing. The two strings have the same tension and mass per unit length, but they differ in length by 0.57 cm. The waves on
Loudspeakers A and B are vibrating in phase and are playing the same tone, which has a frequency of 250 Hz. They are set up as in Figure 17.7, and point C is located as shown there. However, the
A tube with a cap on one end, but open at the other end, has a fundamental frequency of 130.8 Hz. The speed of sound is 343 m/s (a) If the cap is removed, what is the new fundamental frequency of the
An organ pipe is open at both ends. It is producing sound at its third harmonic, the frequency of which is 262 Hz. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. What is the length of the pipe?
The range of human hearing is roughly from twenty hertz to twenty kilohertz. Based on these limits and a value of 343 m/s for the speed of sound, what are the lengths of the longest and shortest
The fundamental frequencies of two air columns are the same. Column A is open at both ends, while column B is open at only one end. The length of column A is 0.70 m. What is the length of column B?
A piccolo and a flute can be approximated as cylindrical tubes with both ends open. The lowest fundamental frequency produced by one kind of piccolo is 587.3 Hz, and that produced by one kind of
A thin 1.2-m aluminum rod sustains a longitudinal standing wave with vibration antinodes at each end of the rod. There are no other antinodes. The density and Young's modulus of aluminum are,
A vertical tube is closed at one end and open to air at the other end. The air pressure is 1.01 × 105 Pa. The tube has a length of 0.75 m. Mercury (mass density = 13 600 kg/m3) is poured into it to
Two ideal gases have the same temperature and the same value for g (the ratio of the specific heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume). A molecule of gas A has a mass of 7.31 ×
A tube, open at only one end, is cut into two shorter (nonequal) lengths. The piece that is open at both ends has a fundamental frequency of 425 Hz, while the piece open only at one end has a
A string is fixed at both ends and is vibrating at 130 Hz, which is its third harmonic frequency. The linear density of the string is 5.6 × 10-3 kg/m, and it is under a tension of 3.3 N. Determine
One method for measuring the speed of sound uses standing waves. A cylindrical tube is open at both ends, and one end admits sound from a tuning fork. A movable plunger is inserted into the other end
A pipe open only at one end has a fundamental frequency of 256 Hz. A second pipe, initially identical to the first pipe, is shortened by cutting off a portion of the open end. Now, when both pipes
Divers working in underwater chambers at great depths must deal with the danger of nitrogen narcosis (the "bends"), in which nitrogen dissolves into the blood at toxic levels. One way to avoid this
The drawing graphs a string on which two pulses (half up and half down) are traveling at a constant speed of 1 cm/s at t = 0 s. Using the principle of linear superposition, draw the shape of the
Both drawings show the same square, each of which has a side of length L = 0.75 m. An observer O is stationed at one corner of each square. Two loudspeakers are located at corners of the square, as
Two strings have different lengths and linear densities, as the drawing shows. They are joined together and stretched so that the tension in each string is 190.0 N. The free ends of the joined string
The two speakers in the drawing are vibrating in phase, and a listener is standing at point P. Does constructive or destructive interference occur at P when the speakers produce sound waves whose
Two carpenters are hammering at the same time, each at a different hammering frequency. The hammering frequency is the number of hammer blows per second. Every 4.6 s, both carpenters strike at the
A flautist is playing a flute as discussed in Example 6, but now the temperature is 305 K instead of 293 K. As a result, the speed of sound is no longer 343 m/s. Therefore, with the length calculated
A sound wave with a frequency of 15 kHz emerges through a circular opening that has a diameter of 0.20 m.Concepts:(i) The diffraction angle for a wave emerging through a circular opening is given by

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