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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

A ball and a thin plate are made from different materials and have the same initial temperature. The ball does not fit through a hole in the plate, because the diameter of the ball is slightly larger
An 85.0-N backpack is hung from the middle of an aluminum wire, as the drawing shows. The temperature of the wire then drops by 20.0 Co. Find the tension in the wire at the lower temperature. Assume
A flask is filled with 1.500 L (L = liter) of a liquid at 97.1 oC. When the liquid is cooled to 15.0 oC, its volume is only 1.383 L, however. Neglect the contraction of the flask and use Table 12.1
A thin spherical shell of silver has an inner radius of 2.0 × 10-2 m when the temperature is 18 oC. The shell is heated to 147 oC. Find the change in the interior volume of the shell?
On the moon the surface temperature ranges from 375 K during the day to 1.00 × 102 K at night. What are these temperatures on the (a) Celsius and (b) Fahrenheit scales?
A test tube contains 2.54 × 10-4 m3 of liquid carbon tetrachloride at a temperature of 75.0 oC. The test tube and the carbon tetrachloride are cooled to a temperature of -13.0 oC, which is above the
Suppose you are selling apple cider for two dollars a gallon when the temperature is 4.0 oC. The coefficient of volume expansion of the cider is 280 × 10-6 (Co)-1. How much more money (in pennies)
During an all-night cram session, a student heats up a one-half liter (0.50 × 10-3 m3) glass (Pyrex) beaker of cold coffee. Initially, the temperature is 18 oC, and the beaker is filled to the brim.
Many hot-water heating systems have a reservoir tank connected directly to the pipeline, to allow for expansion when the water becomes hot. The heating system of a house has 76 m of copper pipe whose
A spherical brass shell has an interior volume of 1.60 × 10-3 m3. Within this interior volume is a solid steel ball that has a volume of 0.70 = 10-3 m3. The space between the steel ball and the
At the bottom of an old mercury-in-glass thermometer is a 45-mm3 reservoir filled with mercury. When the thermometer was placed under your tongue, the warmed mercury would expand into a very narrow
What's your normal body temperature? It may not be 98.6 oF, the often-quoted average that was determined in the nineteenth century. A more recent study has reported an average temperature of 98.2 oF.
The density of mercury is 13 600 kg/m3 at 0 oC. What would its density be at 166 oC?
The column of mercury in a barometer (see Figure 11.11) has a height of 0.760 m when the pressure is one atmosphere and the temperature is 0.0 8C. Ignoring any change in the glass containing the
An ice chest at a beach party contains 12 cans of soda at 5.0 oC. Each can of soda has a mass of 0.35 kg and a specific heat capacity of 3800 J / (kg · Co). Someone adds a 6.5-kg watermelon at 27 oC
A piece of glass has a temperature of 83.0 oC. Liquid that has a temperature of 43.0 oC is poured over the glass, completely covering it, and the temperature at equilibrium is 53.0 oC. The mass of
When resting, a person has a metabolic rate of about 3.0 × 105 joules per hour. The person is submerged neck-deep into a tub containing 1.2 × 103 kg of water at 21.00 oC. If the heat from the
Two bars of identical mass are at 25 oC. One is made from glass and the other from another substance. The specific heat capacity of glass is 840 J / (kg · Co). When identical amounts of heat are
When you drink cold water, your body must expend metabolic energy in order to maintain normal body temperature (37 oC) by warming up the water in your stomach. Could drinking ice water, then,
A 0.35-kg coffee mug is made from a material that has a specific heat capacity of 920 J / (kg · Co) and contains 0.25 kg of water. The cup and water are at 15 oC. To make a cup of coffee, a small
Three portions of the same liquid are mixed in a container that prevents the exchange of heat with the environment. Portion A has a mass m and a temperature of 94.0 oC, portion B also has a mass m
One ounce of a well-known breakfast cereal contains 110 Calories (1 food Calorie = 4186 J). If 2.0% of this energy could be converted by a weight lifter's body into work done in lifting a barbell,
The heating element of a water heater in an apartment building has a maximum power output of 28 kW. Four residents of the building take showers at the same time, and each receives heated water at a
A steel rod (( = 7860 kg/m3) has a length of 2.0 m. It is bolted at both ends between immobile supports. Initially there is no tension in the rod, because the rod just fits between the supports. Find
Suppose that the amount of heat removed when 3.0 kg of water freezes at 0.0 oC were removed from ethyl alcohol at its freezing/melting point of -114.4 oC. How many kilograms of ethyl alcohol would
To help prevent frost damage, fruit growers sometimes protect their crop by spraying it with water when overnight temperatures are expected to go below freezing. When the water turns to ice during
The drawing shows two thermometers, A and B, whose temperatures are measured in oA and oB. The ice and boiling points of water are also indicated.(a) Using the data in the drawing, determine the
(a) Objects A and B have the same mass of 3.0 kg. They melt when 3.0 × 104 J of heat is added to object A and when 9.0 × 104 J is added to object B. Determine the latent heat of fusion for the
A mass m = 0.054 kg of benzene vapor at its boiling point of 80.1 oC is to be condensed by mixing the vapor with water at 41 oC. What is the minimum mass of water required to condense all of the
The latent heat of vaporization of H2O at body temperature (37.0 oC) is 2.42 × 106 J/kg. To cool the body of a 75-kg jogger [average specific heat capacity = 3500 J / (kg · Co)] by 1.5 Co, how many
A certain quantity of steam has a temperature of 100.0 oC. To convert this steam into ice at 0.0 oC, energy in the form of heat must be removed from the steam. If this amount of energy were used to
A thermos contains 150 cm3 of coffee at 85 oC. To cool the coffee, you drop two 11-g ice cubes into the thermos. The ice cubes are initially at 0 oC and melt completely. What is the final temperature
A snow maker at a resort pumps 130 kg of lake water per minute and sprays it into the air above a ski run. The water droplets freeze in the air and fall to the ground, forming a layer of snow. If all
Water at 23.0 oC is sprayed onto 0.180 kg of molten gold at 1063 oC (its melting point). The water boils away, forming steam at 100.0 oC and leaving solid gold at 1063 oC. What is the minimum mass of
A copper-constantan thermocouple generates a voltage of 4.75 × 10-3 volts when the temperature of the hot junction is 110.0 oC and the reference junction is kept at a temperature of 0.0 oC. If the
When it rains, water vapor in the air condenses into liquid water, and energy is released.(a) How much energy is released when 0.0254 m (one inch) of rain falls over an area of 2.59 × 106 m2 (one
Equal masses of two different liquids have the same temperature of 25.0 oC. Liquid A has a freezing point of 268.0 oC and a specific heat capacity of 1850 J / (kg · C8). Liquid B has a freezing
Occasionally, huge icebergs are found floating on the ocean's currents. Suppose one such iceberg is 120 km long, 35 km wide, and 230 m thick.(a) How much heat would be required to melt this iceberg
What atmospheric pressure would be required for carbon dioxide to boil at a temperature of 20 oC? See the vapor pressure curve for carbon dioxide in the drawing.
Suppose that air in the human lungs has a temperature of 37 oC, and the partial pressure of water vapor has a value of 5.5 × 103 Pa. What is the relative humidity in the lungs? Consult the vapor
The vapor pressure of water at 10 oC is 1300 Pa.(a) What percentage of atmospheric pressure is this? Take atmospheric pressure to be 1.013 × 105 Pa.(b) What percentage of the total air pressure at
The temperature of 2.0 kg of water is 100.0 oC, but the water is not boiling, because the external pressure acting on the water surface is 3.0 × 105 Pa. Using the vapor pressure curve for water
If a nonhuman civilization were to develop on Saturn's largest moon, Titan, its scientists might well devise a temperature scale based on the properties of methane, which is much more abundant on the
A container is fitted with a movable piston of negligible mass and radius r = 0.061 m. Inside the container is liquid water in equilibrium with its vapor, as the drawing shows. The piston remains
At a picnic, a glass contains 0.300 kg of tea at 30.0 oC, which is the air temperature. To make iced tea, someone adds 0.0670 kg of ice at 0.0 oC and stirs the mixture. When all the ice melts and the
A tall column of water is open to the atmosphere. At a depth of 10.3 m below the surface, the water is boiling. What is the temperature at this depth? Use the vaporization curve for water in Figure
An aluminum baseball bat has a length of 0.86 m at a temperature of 17 oC. When the temperature of the bat is raised, the bat lengthens by 0.000 16 m. Determine the final temperature of the bat?
A person eats a container of strawberry yogurt. The Nutritional Facts label states that it contains 240 Calories (1 Calorie = 4186 J). What mass of perspiration would one have to lose to get rid of
A 0.200-kg piece of aluminum that has a temperature of -155 °C is added to 1.5 kg of water that has a temperature of 3.0 oC. At equilibrium the temperature is 0.0 oC. Ignoring the container and
A thick, vertical iron pipe has an inner diameter of 0.065 m. A thin aluminum disk, heated to a temperature of 85 oC, has a diameter that is 3.9 × 10-5 m greater than the pipe's inner diameter. The
On a certain evening, the dew point is 14 oC and the relative humidity is 50.0%. How many Celsius degrees must the temperature fall in order for the relative humidity to increase to 69%? Use the
If the price of electrical energy is $0.10 per kilowatt? hour, what is the cost of using electrical energy to heat the water in a swimming pool (12.0 m × 9.00 m × 1.5 m) from 15 to 27 oC?
Concrete sidewalks are always laid in sections, with gaps between each section. For example, the drawing shows three identical 2.4-m sections, the outer two of which are against immovable walls. The
A constant-volume gas thermometer (see Figures 12.3 and 12.4) has a pressure of 5.00 × 103 Pa when the gas temperature is 0.00 oC. What is the temperature (in oC) when the pressure is 2.00 × 103 Pa?
Two grams of liquid water are at 0 oC, and another two grams are at 100 oC. Heat is removed from the water at 0 oC, completely freezing it at 0 oC. This heat is then used to vaporize some of the
Multiple-Concept Example 4 illustrates the concepts that are pertinent to this problem. A cylindrical brass rod (cross-sectional area = 1.3 × 10-5 m2) hangs vertically straight down from a ceiling.
A block of material has a mass of 130 kg and a volume of 4.6 × 10-2 m3. The material has a specific heat capacity and coefficient of volume expansion, respectively, of 750 J / (kg · Co) and 6.4 ×
An astronaut in the space shuttle has two objects that are identical in all respects, except that one is painted black and the other is painted silver. Initially, they are at the same temperature.
The emissivity e of object B is 1/16 that of object A, although both objects are identical in size and shape. If the objects radiate the same energy per second, what is the ratio TB/TA of their
Two bars are conducting heat from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. The bars have identical lengths and cross-sectional areas, but are made from different materials. In
The drawing shows a composite slab consisting of three materials through which heat is conducted from left to right. The materials have identical thicknesses and cross-sectional areas. Rank the
The long single bar on the left in the drawing has a thermal conductivity of 240 J/(s âˆ™ m âˆ™ CÂ°). The ends of the bar are at temperatures of 400 and 200 Â°C, and the temperature of
Three cubes are made from the same material. As the drawing indicates, they have different sizes and temperatures. Rank the cubes according to the radiant energy they emit per second, largest
The amount of heat per second conducted from the blood capillaries beneath the skin to the surface is 240 J/s. The energy is transferred a distance of 2.0 × 1023 m through a body whose surface area
A wall in a house contains a single window. The window consists of a single pane of glass whose area is 0.16 m2 and whose thickness is 2.0 mm. Treat the wall as a slab of the insulating material
A composite rod is made from stainless steel and iron and has a length of 0.50 m. The cross section of this composite rod is shown in the drawing and consists of a square within a circle. The square
A cubical piece of heat-shield tile from the space shuttle measures 0.10 m on a side and has a thermal conductivity of 0.065 J/(s ∙ m ∙ C°). The outer surface of the tile is heated to a
Two pots are identical except that the flat bottom of one is aluminum, whereas that of the other is copper. Water in these pots is boiling away at 100.0 °C at the same rate. The temperature of the
A pot of water is boiling under one atmosphere of pressure. Assume that heat enters the pot only through its bottom, which is copper and rests on a heating element. In two minutes, the mass of water
In a house the temperature at the surface of a window is 25 °C. The temperature outside at the window surface is 5.0 °C. Heat is lost through the window via conduction, and the heat lost per second
The drawing shows a solid cylindrical rod made from a center cylinder of lead and an outer concentric jacket of copper. Except for its ends, the rod is insulated (not shown), so that the loss of heat
In an electrically heated home, the temperature of the ground in contact with a concrete basement wall is 12.8 °C. The temperature at the inside surface of the wall is 20.0 °C. The wall is 0.10 m
Light bulb 1 operates with a filament temperature of 2700 K, whereas light bulb 2 has a filament temperature of 2100 K. Both filaments have the same emissivity, and both bulbs radiate the same power.
In an old house, the heating system uses radiators, which are hollow metal devices through which hot water or steam circulates. In one room the radiator has a dark color (emissivity = 0.75). It has a
The Kelvin temperature of an object is T1, and the object radiates a certain amount of energy per second. The Kelvin temperature of the object is then increased to T2, and the object radiates twice
A person eats a dessert that contains 260 Calories. (This "Calorie" unit, with a capital C, is the one used by nutritionists; 1 Calorie = 4186 J. See Section 12.7.) The skin temperature of this
A person's body is producing energy internally due to metabolic processes. If the body loses more energy than metabolic processes are generating, its temperature will drop. If the drop is severe, it
A baking dish is removed from a hot oven and placed on a cooling rack. As the dish cools down to 35 °C from 175 °C, its net radiant power decreases to 12.0 W. What was the net radiant power of the
Sirius B is a white star that has a surface temperature (in kelvins) that is four times that of our sun. Sirius B radiates only 0.040 times the power radiated by the sun. Our sun has a radius of 6.96
Suppose the skin temperature of a naked person is 34 °C when the person is standing inside a room whose temperature is 25 °C. The skin area of the individual is 1.5 m2. (a) Assuming the emissivity
A solar collector is placed in direct sunlight where it absorbs energy at the rate of 880 J/s for each square meter of its surface. The emissivity of the solar collector is e = 0.75. What equilibrium
Liquid helium is stored at its boiling-point temperature of 4.2 K in a spherical container (r = 0.30 m). The container is a perfect blackbody radiator. The container is surrounded by a spherical
A solid sphere has a temperature of 773 K. The sphere is melted down and recast into a cube that has the same emissivity and emits the same radiant power as the sphere. What is the cube's temperature?
A small sphere (emissivity = 0.90, radius = r1) is located at the center of a spherical asbestos shell (thickness = 1.0 cm, outer radius = r2). The thickness of the shell is small compared to the
Due to a temperature difference DT, heat is conducted through an aluminum plate that is 0.035 m thick. The plate is then replaced by a stainless steel plate that has the same temperature difference
How many days does it take for a perfect blackbody cube (0.0100 m on a side, 30.0 °C) to radiate the same amount of energy that a one-hundred-watt light bulb uses in one hour?
An object is inside a room that has a constant temperature of 293 K. Via radiation, the object emits three times as much power as it absorbs from the room. What is the temperature (in kelvins) of the
The concrete wall of a building is 0.10 m thick. The temperature inside the building is 20.0 °C, while the temperature outside is 0.0 °C. Heat is conducted through the wall. When the building is
Two objects are maintained at constant temperatures, one hot and one cold. Two identical bars can be attached end to end, as in part a of the drawing, or one on top of the other, as in part b. When
Part a of the drawing shows a rectangular bar whose dimensions are L0 Ã— 2L0 Ã— 3L0. The bar is at the same constant temperature as the room (not shown) in which it is
Multiple-Concept Example 3 discusses an approach to problems such as this. The ends of a thin bar are maintained at different temperatures. The temperature of the cooler end is 11 °C, while the
A copper rod has a length of 1.5 m and a cross-sectional area of 4.0 × 1024 m2. One end of the rod is in contact with boiling water and the other with a mixture of ice and water. What is the mass of
One end of a 0.25-m copper rod with a cross-sectional area of 1.2 × 10-4 m2 is driven into the center of a sphere of ice at 0 °C (radius = 0.15 m). The portion of the rod that is embedded in the
A wood-burning stove (emissivity = 0.900 and surface area = 3.50 m2) is being used to heat a room. The fire keeps the stove surface at a constant 198 °C (471 K) and the room at a constant 29 °C
Two pots are identical, except that in one case the fl at bottom is aluminum and in the other it is copper. Each pot contains the same amount of boiling water and sits on a heating element that has a
One half of a kilogram of liquid water at 273 K (0 °C) is placed outside on a day when the temperature is 261 K (-12 °C). Assume that the heat is lost from the water only by means of radiation and
The block in the drawing has dimensions L0 × 2L0 × 3L0, where L0 = 0.30 m. The block has a thermal conductivity of 250 J/(s ∙ m ∙ C°). In drawings A, B, and C, heat is conducted through the
A closed box is filled with dry ice at a temperature of -78.5 °C, while the outside temperature is 21.0 °C. The box is cubical, measuring 0.350 m on a side, and the thickness of the walls is 3.00
One end of a brass bar is maintained at 306 °C, while the other end is kept at a constant, but lower, temperature. The cross-sectional area of the bar is 2.6 × 10-4 m2. Because of insulation, there
For an ideal gas, each of the following unquestionably leads to an increase in the pressure of the gas, except one. Which one is it? (a) Increasing the temperature and decreasing the volume,

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