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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

If the speed of every atom in a monatomic ideal gas were doubled, by what factor would the Kelvin temperature of the gas be multiplied? (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 1/2 (e) 1/4
The atomic mass of a nitrogen atom (N) is 14.0 u, while that of an oxygen atom (O) is 16.0 u. Three diatomic gases have the same temperature: nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and nitric oxide (NO). Rank
The pressure of a monatomic ideal gas is doubled, while the volume is cut in half. By what factor is the internal energy of the gas multiplied? (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2 (e) 4
The following statements concern how to increase the rate of diffusion (in kg/s). All but one statement are always true. Which one is not necessarily true? (a) Increase the cross-sectional area
A cylindrical glass of water (H2O) has a radius of 4.50 cm and a height of 12.0 cm. The density of water is 1.00 g/cm3. How many moles of water molecules are contained in the glass?
It takes 0.16 g of helium (He) to fill a balloon. How many grams of nitrogen (N2) would be required to fill the balloon to the same pressure, volume, and temperature?
A 0.030-m3 container is initially evacuated. Then, 4.0 g of water is placed in the container, and, after some time, all the water evaporates. If the temperature of the water vapor is 388 K, what is
An ideal gas at 15.5 °C and a pressure of 1.72 × 105 Pa occupies a volume of 2.81 m3. (a) How many moles of gas are present? (b) If the volume is raised to 4.16 m3 and the temperature
Four closed tanks, A, B, C, and D, each contain an ideal gas. The table gives the absolute pressure and volume of the gas in each tank. In each case, there is 0.10 mol of gas. Using this number and
A young male adult takes in about 5.0 × 10-4 m3 of fresh air during a normal breath. Fresh air contains approximately 21% oxygen. Assuming that the pressure in the lungs is 1.0 × 105 Pa and that
A Goodyear blimp typically contains 5400 m3 of helium (He) at an absolute pressure of 1.1 × 105 Pa. The temperature of the helium is 280 K. What is the mass (in kg) of the helium in the blimp?
A clown at a birthday party has brought along a helium cylinder, with which he intends to fill balloons. When full, each balloon contains 0.034 m3 of helium at an absolute pressure of 1.2 × 105 Pa.
The volume of an ideal gas is held constant. Determine the ratio P2/P1 of the final pressure to the initial pressure when the temperature of the gas rises (a) from 35.0 to 70.0 K and (b) from 35.0 to
Manufacturers of headache remedies routinely claim that their own brands are more potent pain relievers than the competing brands. Their way of making the comparison is to compare the number of
Two ideal gases have the same mass density and the same absolute pressure. One of the gases is helium (He), and its temperature is 175 K. The other gas is neon (Ne). What is the temperature of the
A tank contains 0.85 mol of molecular nitrogen (N2). Determine the mass (in grams) of nitrogen that must be removed from the tank in order to lower the pressure from 38 to 25 atm. Assume that the
Multiple-Concept Example 4 reviews the principles that play roles in this problem. A primitive diving bell consists of a cylindrical tank with one end open and one end closed. The tank is lowered
A tank contains 11.0 g of chlorine gas (Cl2) at a temperature of 82°C and an absolute pressure of 5.60 × 105 Pa. The mass per mole of Cl2 is 70.9 g/mol. (a) Determine the volume of the
The dimensions of a room are 2.5 m × 4.0 m × 5.0 m. Assume that the air in the room is composed of 79% nitrogen (N2) and 21% oxygen (O2). At a temperature of 22°C and a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa,
The drawing shows an ideal gas confined to a cylinder by a massless piston that is attached to an ideal spring. Outside the cylinder is a vacuum. The crosssectional area of the piston is A = 2.50
Multiple-Concept Example 4 and Conceptual Example 3 are pertinent to this problem. A bubble, located 0.200 m beneath the surface in a glass of beer, rises to the top. The air pressure at the top is
The relative humidity is 55% on a day when the temperature is 30.0 °C. Using the graph that accompanies Problem 75 in Chapter 12, determine the number of moles of water vapor per cubic meter of
One assumption of the ideal gas law is that the atoms or molecules themselves occupy a negligible volume. Verify that this assumption is reasonable by considering gaseous xenon (Xe). Xenon has an
A mass of 135 g of a certain element is known to contain 30.1 × 1023 atoms. What is the element?
A spherical balloon is made from an amount of material whose mass is 3.00 kg. The thickness of the material is negligible compared to the 1.50-m radius of the balloon. The balloon is filled with
The mass of a hot-air balloon and its occupants is 320 kg (excluding the hot air inside the balloon). The air outside the balloon has a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa and a density of 1.29kg/m3. To lift
Four tanks A, B, C, and D are filled with monatomic ideal gases. For each tank, the mass of an individual atom and the rms speed of the atoms are expressed in terms of m and vrms, respectively (see
Suppose a tank contains 680 m3 of neon (Ne) at an absolute pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa. The temperature is changed from 293.2 to 294.3 K. What is the increase in the internal energy of the neon?
Two moles of an ideal gas are placed in a container whose volume is 8.5 × 10-3 m3. The absolute pressure of the gas is 4.5 × 105 Pa. What is the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule
The average value of the squared speed v̅2 does not equal the square of the average speed (v̅)2. To verify this fact, consider three particles with the following speeds: v1 = 3.0 m/s, v2 5 7.0 m/s,
Two gas cylinders are identical. One contains the monatomic gas argon (Ar), and the other contains an equal mass of the monatomic gas krypton (Kr). The pressures in the cylinders are the same, but
An oxygen molecule is moving near the earth's surface. Another oxygen molecule is moving in the ionosphere (the uppermost part of the earth's atmosphere) where the Kelvin temperature is three times
A certain element has a mass per mole of 196.967 g/mol. What is the mass of a single atom in (a) atomic mass units and (b) kilograms? (c) How many moles of atoms are in a 285-g sample?
A container holds 2.0 mol of gas. The total average kinetic energy of the gas molecules in the container is equal to the kinetic energy of an 8.0 × 10-3-kg bullet with a speed of 770 m/s. What is
The temperature near the surface of the earth is 291 K. A xenon atom (atomic mass 5 131.29 u) has a kinetic energy equal to the average translational kinetic energy and is moving straight up. If the
Compressed air can be pumped underground into huge caverns as a form of energy storage. The volume of a cavern is 5.6 × 105 m3, and the pressure of the air in it is 7.7 × 106 Pa. Assume that air is
A cubical box with each side of length 0.300 m contains 1.000 moles of neon gas at room temperature (293 K). What is the average rate (in atoms/s) at which neon atoms collide with one side of the
Insects do not have lungs as we do, nor do they breathe through their mouths. Instead, they have a system of tiny tubes, called tracheae, through which oxygen diff uses into their bodies. The
A tube has a length of 0.015 m and a cross-sectional area of 7.0 × 10-4 m2. The tube is filled with a solution of sucrose in water. The diffusion constant of sucrose in water is 5.0 × 10-10 m2/s. A
Review Conceptual Example 6 before working this problem. For water vapor in air at 293 K, the diffusion constant is D = 2.4 × 10-5 m2/s. As outlined in Problem 51(a), the time required for the first
The diffusion constant for the amino acid glycine in water has a value of 1.06 × 10-9 m2/s. In a 2.0-cm-long tube with a cross-sectional area of 1.5 × 10-4 m2, the mass rate of diffusion is m/t =
The active ingredient in the allergy medication Claritin contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). Its molecular formula is C22H23ClN2O2. The standard adult
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is diff using through benzene (C6H6), as the drawing illustrates. The concentration of CCl4 at the left end of the tube is maintained at 1.00 Ã— 10-2 kg/m3,
The drawing shows a container that is partially filled with 2.0 grams of water. The temperature is maintained at a constant 20 °C. The space above the liquid contains air that is completely
At the start of a trip, a driver adjusts the absolute pressure in her tires to be 2.81 × 105 Pa when the outdoor temperature is 284 K. At the end of the trip she measures the pressure to be 3.01 ×
When you push down on the handle of a bicycle pump, a piston in the pump cylinder compresses the air inside the cylinder. When the pressure in the cylinder is greater than the pressure inside the
When a gas is diff using through air in a diffusion channel, the diffusion rate is the number of gas atoms per second diff using from one end of the channel to the other end. The faster the atoms
Near the surface of Venus, the rms speed of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) is 650 m/s. What is the temperature (in kelvins) of the atmosphere at that point?
The chlorophyll-a molecule (C55H72MgN4O5) is important in photosynthesis. (a) Determine its molecular mass (in atomic mass units). (b) What is the mass (in grams) of 3.00 moles of chlorophyll-a
At the normal boiling point of a material, the liquid phase has a density of 958 kg/m3, and the vapor phase has a density of 0.598 kg/m3. The average distance between neighboring molecules in the
The pressure of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is 2.12 × 104 Pa. There are 421 moles of this gas in a volume of 50.0 m3. Find the translational rms speed of the sulfur dioxide molecules.
Helium (He), a monatomic gas, fills a 0.010-m3 container. The pressure of the gas is 6.2 × 105 Pa. How long would a 0.25-hp engine have to run (1 hp = 746 W) to produce an amount of energy equal to
When perspiration on the human body absorbs heat, some of the perspiration turns into water vapor. The latent heat of vaporization at body temperature (37 °C) is 2.42 × 106 J/kg. The heat absorbed
A gas fills the right portion of a horizontal cylinder whose radius is 5.00 cm. The initial pressure of the gas is 1.01 Ã— 105 Pa. A frictionless movable piston separates the gas from the
Air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen N2 (molecular mass = 28.0 u) and oxygen O2 (molecular mass = 32.0 u). Assume that each behaves like an ideal gas and determine the rms speed of the nitrogen and
The figure shows three identical chambers containing a piston and a spring whose spring constant is k = 5.8 3 104 N/m. The chamber in part a is completely evacuated, and the piston just touches its
In outer space the density of matter is extremely low, about one atom per cm3. The matter is mainly hydrogen atoms (m = 1.67 × 10-27 kg) whose rms speed is 260 m/s. A cubical box, 2.0 m on a side,
A runner weighs 580 N (about 130 lb), and 71% of this weight is water. (a) How many moles of water are in the runner's body? (b) How many water molecules (H2O) are there?
Consider a mixture of three different gases: 1.20g of argon (molecular mass = 39.948 g/mol), 2.60 g of neon (molecular mass = 20.180 g/mol), and 3.20 g of helium (molecular mass = 4.0026 g/mol). For
As the amplitude of a sound wave in air decreases to zero, ________________. (a) Nothing happens to the condensations and rarefactions of the wave (b) The condensations and rarefactions of the wave
A horn on a boat sounds a warning, and the sound penetrates the water. How does the frequency of the sound in the air compare to its frequency in the water? How does the wavelength in the air compare
A red car and a blue car can move along the same straight one-lane road. Both cars can move only at one speed when they move (e.g., 60 mph). The driver of the red car sounds his horn. In which one of
What happens to the Doppler effect in air (i.e., the shift in frequency of a sound wave) as the temperature increases? (a) It is greater at higher temperatures, but only in the case of a moving
A transverse wave on a string has an amplitude A. A tiny spot on the string is colored red. As one cycle of the wave passes by, what is the total distance traveled by the red spot? (a) A (b) 2A
As a wave moves through a medium at a speed v, the particles of the medium move in simple harmonic motion about their undisturbed positions. The maximum speed of the simple harmonic motion is vmax.
A rope is attached to a hook in the ceiling and is hanging straight down. The rope has a mass m, and nothing is attached to the free end of the rope. As a transverse wave travels down the rope from
A jetskier is moving at 8.4 m/s in the direction in which the waves on a lake are moving. Each time he passes over a crest, he feels a bump. The bumping frequency is 1.2 Hz, and the crests are
Argon (molecular mass = 39.9 u) is a monatomic gas. Assuming that it behaves like an ideal gas at 298 K (γ = 1.67), find (a) The rms speed of argon atoms (b) The speed of sound in argon.
The sound intensity level at a rock concert is 115 dB, while that at a jazz fest is 95 dB. Determine the ratio of the sound intensity at the rock concert to the sound intensity at the jazz fest.
An amplified guitar has a sound intensity level that is 14 dB greater than the same unamplified sound. What is the ratio of the amplified intensity to the unamplified intensity?
In a discussion person A is talking 1.5 dB louder than person B, and person C is talking 2.7 dB louder than person A. What is the ratio of the sound intensity of person C to the sound intensity of
In Figure 16.3c the colored dot exhibits simple harmonic motion as the longitudinal wave passes. The wave has an amplitude of 5.4 × 10-3 m and a frequency of 4.0 Hz. Find the maximum acceleration of
(a) A uniform rope of mass m and length L is hanging straight down from the ceiling. A small-amplitude transverse wave is sent up the rope from the bottom end. Derive an expression that gives the
A spider hangs from a strand of silk whose radius is 4.0 × 10-6 m. The density of the silk is 1300 kg/m3. When the spider moves, waves travel along the strand of silk at a speed of 280 m/s. Ignore
A jet is flying horizontally, as the drawing shows. When the plane is directly overhead at B, a person on the ground hears the sound coming from A in the drawing. The average temperature of the air
A water-skier is moving at a speed of 12.0 m/s. When she skis in the same direction as a traveling wave, she springs upward every 0.600 s because of the wave crests. When she skis in the direction
Review Multiple-Concept Example 4 for background pertinent to this problem. A team of geophysicists is standing on the ground. Beneath their feet, at an unknown distance, is the ceiling of a cavern.
A speedboat, starting from rest, moves along a straight line away from a dock. The boat has a constant acceleration of 13.00 m/s2 (see the figure). Attached to the dock is a siren that is producing a
The figure shows waves traveling on two strings. Each string is attached to a wall at one end and to a box that has a weight of 28.0 N at the other end. String 1 has a mass of 8.00 g and a length of
A siren, mounted on a tower, emits a sound whose frequency is 2140 Hz. A person is driving a car away from the tower at a speed of 27.0 m/s. As the figure illustrates, the sound reaches the person by
The mass of a string is 5.0 × 10-3 kg, and it is stretched so that the tension in it is 180 N. A transverse wave traveling on this string has a frequency of 260 Hz and a wavelength of 0.60 m. What
A wire is stretched between two posts. Another wire is stretched between two posts that are twice as far apart. The tension in the wires is the same, and they have the same mass. A transverse wave
To measure the acceleration due to gravity on a distant planet, an astronaut hangs a 0.055-kg ball from the end of a wire. The wire has a length of 0.95 m and a linear density of 1.2 × 10-4 kg/m.
Two wires are parallel, and one is directly above the other. Each has a length of 50.0 m and a mass per unit length of 0.020 kg/m. However, the tension in wire A is 6.00 × 102 N, and the tension in
A steel cable has a cross-sectional area 2.83 × 10-3 m2 and is kept under a tension of 1.00 × 104 N. The density of steel is 7860 kg/m3. Note that this value is not the linear density of the cable.
The drawing shows a graph of two waves traveling to the right at the same speed.(a) Using the data in the drawing, determine the wavelength of each wave.(b) The speed of the waves is 12 m/s;
Consider the freight train in Figure 16.6. Suppose that 15 boxcars pass by in a time of 12.0 s and each has a length of 14.0 m.(a) What is the frequency at which each boxcar passes?(b) What is the
Review Conceptual Example 3 before starting this problem. The amplitude of a transverse wave on a string is 4.5 cm. The ratio of the maximum particle speed to the speed of the wave is 3.1. What is
The drawing shows a frictionless incline and pulley. The two blocks are connected by a wire (mass per unit length = 0.0250 kg/m) and remain stationary. A transverse wave on the wire has a speed of
A copper wire, whose cross-sectional area is 1.1 × 10-6 m2, has a linear density of 9.8 × 10-3 kg/m and is strung between two walls. At the ambient temperature, a transverse wave travels with a
The drawing shows a 15.0-kg ball being whirled in a circular path on the end of a string. The motion occurs on a frictionless, horizontal table. The angular speed of the ball is Ï‰ = 12.0
A wave traveling along the x axis is described mathematically by the equation y = 0.17 sin (8.2pt + 0.54px), where y is the displacement (in meters), t is in seconds, and x is in meters. What is the
A wave has the following properties: amplitude 5 0.37 m, period = 0.77 s, wave speed = 12 m/s. The wave is traveling in the - x direction. What is the mathematical expression (similar to Equation
The drawing shows a graph that represents a transverse wave on a string. The wave is moving in the + x direction with a speed of 0.15 m/s. Using the information contained in the graph, write the
A transverse wave is traveling on a string. The displacement y of a particle from its equilibrium position is given by y = (0.021 m) sin (25t - 2.0 x). Note that the phase angle 25t - 2.0x is in
A woman is standing in the ocean, and she notices that after a wave crest passes, five more crests pass in a time of 50.0 s. The distance between two successive crests is 32 m. Determine, if
A transverse wave on a string has an amplitude of 0.20 m and a frequency of 175 Hz. Consider the particle of the string at x = 0 m. It begins with a displacement of y = 0 m when t = 0 s, according to
To navigate, a porpoise emits a sound wave that has a wavelength of 1.5 cm. The speed at which the wave travels in seawater is 1522 m/s. Find the period of the wave.
At what temperature is the speed of sound in helium (ideal gas, γ = 1.67, atomic mass = 4.003 u) the same as its speed in oxygen at 0 °C?
Have you ever listened for an approaching train by kneeling next to a railroad track and putting your ear to the rail? Young's modulus for steel is Y = 2.0 × 1011 N/m2, and the density of steel is r

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