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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

As the drawing illustrates, a pond has the shape of an inverted cone with the tip sliced off and has a depth of 5.00 m. The atmospheric pressure above the pond is 1.01 Ã— 105 Pa. The circular top
A lighter-than-air balloon and its load of passengers and ballast are floating stationary above the earth. Ballast is weight (of negligible volume) that can be dropped overboard to make the balloon
A siphon tube is useful for removing liquid from a tank. The siphon tube is first filled with liquid, and then one end is inserted into the tank. Liquid then drains out the other end, as the drawing
An aneurysm is an abnormal enlargement of a blood vessel such as the aorta. Because of the aneurysm, the normal cross-sectional area A1 of the aorta increases to a value of A2 = 1.7A1. The speed of
The figure shows a rear view of a loaded two-wheeled wheelbarrow on a horizontal surface. It has balloon tires and a weight W = 684 N, which is uniformly distributed. The left tire has a contact area
A father (weight W = 830 N) and his daughter (weight W = 340 N) are spending the day at the lake. They are each sitting on a beach ball that is just submerged beneath the water (see the figure).
A person who weighs 625 N is riding a 98-N mountain bike. Suppose that the entire weight of the rider and bike is supported equally by the two tires. If the pressure in each tire is 7.60 × 105 Pa,
A solid concrete block weighs 169 N and is resting on the ground. Its dimensions are 0.400 m × 0.200 m × 0.100 m. A number of identical blocks are stacked on top of this one. What is the smallest
United States currency is printed using intaglio presses that generate a printing pressure of 8.0 × 104 lb/in.2 A $20 bill is 6.1 in. by 2.6 in. Calculate the magnitude of the force that the
A 58-kg skier is going down a slope oriented 358 above the horizontal. The area of each ski in contact with the snow is 0.13 m2. Determine the pressure that each ski exerts on the snow.
A suitcase (mass m = 16 kg) is resting on the floor of an elevator. The part of the suitcase in contact with the floor measures 0.50 m × 0.15 m. The elevator is moving upward with an acceleration of
A cylinder is fitted with a piston, beneath which is a spring, as in the drawing. The cylinder is open to the air at the top. Friction is absent. The spring constant of the spring is 3600 N/m. The
As the initially empty urinary bladder fills with urine and expands, its internal pressure increases by 3300 Pa, which triggers the micturition reflex (the feeling of the need to urinate). The
A cylindrical storage tank has a radius of 1.22 m. When filled to a height of 3.71 m, it holds 14 300 kg of a liquid industrial solvent. What is the density of the solvent?
The Mariana trench is located in the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of about 11 000 m below the surface of the water. The density of seawater is 1025 kg/m3. (a) If an underwater vehicle were
A meat baster consists of a squeeze bulb attached to a plastic tube. When the bulb is squeezed and released, with the open end of the tube under the surface of the basting sauce, the sauce rises in
The drawing shows an intravenous feeding. With the distance shown, nutrient solution (Ï = 1030 kg/m3) can just barely enter the blood in the vein. What is the gauge pressure of the venous
The human lungs can function satisfactorily up to a limit where the pressure difference between the outside and inside of the lungs is one-twentieth of an atmosphere. If a diver uses a snorkel for
At a given instant, the blood pressure in the heart is 1.6 × 104 Pa. If an artery in the brain is 0.45 m above the heart, what is the pressure in the artery? Ignore any pressure changes due to blood
A mercury barometer reads 747.0 mm on the roof of a building and 760.0 mm on the ground. Assuming a constant value of 1.29 kg/m3 for the density of air, determine the height of the building.
Two identical containers are open at the top and are connected at the bottom via a tube of negligible volume and a valve that is closed. Both containers are filled initially to the same height of
The vertical surface of a reservoir dam that is in contact with the water is 120 m wide and 12 m high. The air pressure is one atmosphere. Find the magnitude of the total force acting on this surface
A house has a roof with the dimensions shown in the drawing. Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force that the atmosphere applies to the roof when the outside pressure drops suddenly by
A barber's chair with a person in it weighs 2100 N. The output plunger of a hydraulic system begins to lift the chair when the barber's foot applies a force of 55 N to the input piston. Neglect any
Multiple-Concept Example 8 presents an approach to problems of this kind. The hydraulic oil in a car lift has a density of 8.30 × 102 kg/m3. The weight of the input piston is negligible. The radii
In the process of changing a flat tire, a motorist uses a hydraulic jack. She begins by applying a force of 45 N to the input piston, which has a radius r1. As a result, the output plunger, which has
A dump truck uses a hydraulic cylinder, as the drawing illustrates. When activated by the operator, a pump injects hydraulic oil into the cylinder at an absolute pressure of 3.54 Ã— 106
The drawing shows a hydraulic chamber with a spring (spring constant = 1600 N/m) attached to the input piston and a rock of mass 40.0 kg resting on the output plunger. The piston and plunger are
The drawing shows a hydraulic system used with disc brakes. The force is applied perpendicularly to the brake pedal. The pedal rotates about the axis shown in the drawing and causes a force to be
Neutron stars consist only of neutrons and have unbelievably high densities. A typical mass and radius for a neutron star might be 2.7 × 10-8 kg and 1.2 × 103 m. (a) Find the density of such a
The density of ice is 917 kg/m3, and the density of seawater is 1025 kg/m3. A swimming polar bear climbs onto a piece of floating ice that has a volume of 5.2 m3. What is the weight of the heaviest
A 0.10-m × 0.20-m × 0.30-m block is suspended from a wire and is completely under water. What buoyant force acts on the block?
A hydrometer is a device used to measure the density of a liquid. It is a cylindrical tube weighted at one end, so that it floats with the heavier end downward. The tube is contained inside a large
A duck is floating on a lake with 25% of its volume beneath the water. What is the average density of the duck?
A paperweight, when weighed in air, has a weight of W = 6.9 N. When completely immersed in water, however, it has a weight of Win water = 4.3 N. Find the volume of the paperweight.
A lost shipping container is found resting on the ocean floor and completely submerged. The container is 6.1 m long, 2.4 m wide, and 2.6 m high. Salvage experts attach a spherical balloon to the top
A hot-air balloon is accelerating upward under the influence of two forces, its weight and the buoyant force. For simplicity, consider the weight to be only that of the hot air within the balloon,
A hollow cubical box is 0.30 m on an edge. This box is floating in a lake with one-third of its height beneath the surface. The walls of the box have a negligible thickness. Water from a hose is
One end of a wire is attached to a ceiling, and a solid brass ball is tied to the lower end. The tension in the wire is 120 N. What is the radius of the brass ball?
To verify her suspicion that a rock specimen is hollow, a geologist weighs the specimen in air and in water. She finds that the specimen weighs twice as much in air as it does in water. The density
A spring is attached to the bottom of an empty swimming pool, with the axis of the spring oriented vertically. An 8.00-kg block of wood (ρ = 840 kg/m3) is fixed to the top of the spring and
One kilogram of glass (ρ = 2.60 × 103 kg/m3) is shaped into a hollow spherical shell that just barely floats in water. What are the inner and outer radii of the shell? Do not assume that the shell
A fuel pump sends gasoline from a car's fuel tank to the engine at a rate of 5.88 × 10-2 kg/s. The density of the gasoline is 735 kg/m3, and the radius of the fuel line is 3.18 × 10-3 m. What is
(a) The volume flow rate in an artery supplying the brain is 3.6 × 10-6 m3/s. If the radius of the artery is 5.2 mm, determine the average blood speed. (b) Find the average blood speed at a
A room has a volume of 120 m3. An air-conditioning system is to replace the air in this room every twenty minutes, using ducts that have a square cross section. Assuming that air can be treated as an
Water flows straight down from an open faucet. The cross-sectional area of the faucet is 1.8 × 10-4 m2, and the speed of the water is 0.85 m/s as it leaves the faucet. Ignoring air resistance, find
The aorta carries blood away from the heart at a speed of about 40 cm/s and has a radius of approximately 1.1 cm. The aorta branches eventually into a large number of tiny capillaries that distribute
Planners of an experiment are evaluating the design of a sphere of radius R that is to be filled with helium (0 oC, 1 atm pressure). Ultrathin silver foil of thickness T will be used to make the
Three fire hoses are connected to a fire hydrant. Each hose has a radius of 0.020 m. Water enters the hydrant through an underground pipe of radius 0.080 m. In this pipe the water has a speed of 3.0
Water flowing out of a horizontal pipe emerges through a nozzle. The radius of the pipe is 1.9 cm, and the radius of the nozzle is 0.48 cm. The speed of the water in the pipe is 0.62 m/s. Treat the
The blood speed in a normal segment of a horizontal artery is 0.11 m/s. An abnormal segment of the artery is narrowed down by an arteriosclerotic plaque to one-fourth the normal cross-sectional area.
A small crack occurs at the base of a 15.0-m-high dam. The effective crack area through which water leaves is 1.30 × 10-3 m2. (a) Ignoring viscous losses, what is the speed of water flowing through
Water is circulating through a closed system of pipes in a two-floor apartment. On the first floor, the water has a gauge pressure of 3.4 × 105 Pa and a speed of 2.1 m/s. However, on the second
A ship is floating on a lake. Its hold is the interior space beneath its deck; the hold is empty and is open to the atmosphere. The hull has a hole in it, which is below the water line, so water
A hand-pumped water gun is held level at a height of 0.75 m above the ground and fired. The water stream from the gun hits the ground a horizontal distance of 7.3 m from the muzzle. Find the gauge
A liquid is flowing through a horizontal pipe whose radius is 0.0200 m. The pipe bends straight upward through a height of 10.0 m and joins another horizontal pipe whose radius is 0.0400 m. What
An airplane has an effective wing surface area of 16 m2 that is generating the lift force. In level flight the air speed over the top of the wings is 62.0 m/s, while the air speed beneath the wings
The construction of a flat rectangular roof (5.0 m × 6.3 m) allows it to withstand a maximum net outward force that is 22 000 N. The density of the air is 1.29 kg/m3. At what wind speed will this
A pump and its horizontal intake pipe are located 12 m beneath the surface of a large reservoir. The speed of the water in the intake pipe causes the pressure there to decrease, in accord with
Two circular holes, one larger than the other, are cut in the side of a large water tank whose top is open to the atmosphere. The center of one of these holes is located twice as far beneath the
A pipe is horizontal and carries oil that has a viscosity of 0.14 Pa ∙ s. The volume flow rate of the oil is 5.3 × 10-5 m3/s. The length of the pipe is 37 m, and its radius is 0.60 cm. At the
In the human body, blood vessels can dilate, or increase their radii, in response to various stimuli, so that the volume flow rate of the blood increases. Assume that the pressure at either end of a
A full can of black cherry soda has a mass of 0.416 kg. It contains 3.54 × 10-4 m3 of liquid. Assuming that the soda has the same density as water, find the volume of aluminum used to make the can.
A blood transfusion is being set up in an emergency room for an accident victim. Blood has a density of 1060 kg/m and a viscosity of 4.0 × 10-3 Pa ∙ s. The needle being used has a length of 3.0 cm
A cylindrical air duct in an air conditioning system has a length of 5.5 m and a radius of 7.2 × 10-2 m. A fan forces air (η = 1.8 × 10-5 Pa ∙ s) through the duct, so that the air in a room
Two hoses are connected to the same outlet using a Y-connector, as the drawing shows. The hoses A and B have the same length, but hose B has the larger radius. Each is open to the atmosphere at the
When an object moves through a fluid, the fluid exerts a viscous force on the object that tends to slow it down. For a small sphere of radius R, moving slowly with a speed v, the magnitude of the
One way to administer an inoculation is with a "gun" that shoots the vaccine through a narrow opening. No needle is necessary, for the vaccine emerges with sufficient speed to pass directly into the
If a scuba diver descends too quickly into the sea, the internal pressure on each eardrum remains at atmospheric pressure, while the external pressure increases due to the increased water depth. At
A water bed for sale has dimensions of 1.83 m × 2.13 m × 0.229 m. The floor of the bedroom will tolerate an additional weight of no more than 6660 N. Find the weight of the water in the bed and
A hypothetical spherical planet consists entirely of iron. What is the period of a satellite that orbits this planet just above its surface?
An underground pump initially forces water through a horizontal pipe at a flow rate of 740 gallons per minute. After several years of operation, corrosion and mineral deposits have reduced the inner
A volume of 7.2 m3 of glycerol (η = 0.934 Pa ∙ s) is pumped through a 15-m length of pipe in 55 minutes. The pressure at the input end of the pipe is 8.6 × 105 Pa, and the pressure at the output
(a) The mass and the radius of the sun are, respectively, 1.99 × 1030 kg and 6.96 × 108 m. What is its density?(b) If a solid object is made from a material that has the same density as the sun,
A log splitter uses a pump with hydraulic oil to push a piston, which is attached to a chisel. The pump can generate a pressure of 2.0 × 107 Pa in the hydraulic oil, and the piston has a radius of
An object is solid throughout. When the object is completely submerged in ethyl alcohol, its apparent weight is 15.2 N. When completely submerged in water, its apparent weight is 13.7 N. What is the
Mercury is poured into a tall glass. Ethyl alcohol (which does not mix with mercury) is then poured on top of the mercury until the height of the ethyl alcohol itself is 110 cm. The air pressure at
The following three hot samples have the same temperature. The same amount of heat is removed from each sample. Which one experiences the smallest drop in temperature, and which one experiences the
Which one or more of the following techniques can be used to freeze water? A. Cooling the water below its normal freezing point of 0 oC at the normal atmospheric pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa. B.
Which of the following three statements concerning relative humidity values of 30% and 40% are true? Note that when the relative humidity is 30%, the air temperature may be different than it is when
The drawing shows two thin rods, one made from aluminum [a = 23 Ã— 10-6 (Co)-1] and the other from steel [a = 12 Ã— 10-6 (Co)-1]. Each rod has the same length and the same
A ball is slightly too large to fit through a hole in a flat plate. The drawing shows two arrangements of this situation. In Arrangement I the ball is made from metal A and the plate from metal B.
A solid sphere and a solid cube are made from the same material. The sphere would just fit within the cube, if it could. Both begin at the same temperature, and both are heated to the same
A container can be made from steel [( = 36 × 10-6 (Co)-1] or lead [β = 87 × 10-6 (Co)-1]. A liquid is poured into the container, filling it to the brim. The liquid is either water [β = 207 ×
Which of the following cases (if any) requires the greatest amount of heat? In each case the material is the same. (a) 1.5 kg of the material is to be heated by 7.0 Co. (b) 3.0 kg of the material is
A steel section of the Alaskan pipeline had a length of 65 m and a temperature of 18 oC when it was installed. What is its change in length when the temperature drops to a frigid -45 oC?
A wire is made by attaching two segments together, end to end. One segment is made of aluminum and the other is steel. The effective coefficient of linear expansion of the two-segment wire is 19 ×
An insulated container is partly filled with oil. The lid of the container is removed, 0.125 kg of water heated to 90.0 oC is poured in, and the lid is replaced. As the water and the oil reach
A steel bicycle wheel (without the rubber tire) is rotating freely with an angular speed of 18.00 rad/s. The temperature of the wheel changes from -100.0 to +300.0 oC. No net external torque acts on
The figure shows a swimming pool on a sunny day. If the water absorbs 2.00 Ã— 109 J of heat from the sun, what is the change in volume of the water?
The figure shows three rectangular blocks made from the same material. The initial dimensions of each are expressed as multiples of D, where D = 2.00 cm. The blocks are heated and their temperatures
Objects A and B in the figure are made from copper, but the mass of object B is three times that of object A. Object C is made from glass and has the same mass as object B. The same amount of heat Q
The Eiffel Tower is a steel structure whose height increases by 19.4 cm when the temperature changes from -9 to +41 oC. What is the approximate height (in meters) at the lower temperature?
One January morning in 1943, a warm chinook wind rapidly raised the temperature in Spearfish, South Dakota, from below freezing to +12.0 oC. As the chinook died away, the temperature fell to -20.0 oC
One rod is made from lead and another from quartz. The rods are heated and experience the same change in temperature. The change in length of each rod is the same. If the initial length of the lead
A thin rod consists of two parts joined together. One-third of it is silver and two-thirds is gold. The temperature decreases by 26 Co. Determine the fractional decrease (L / L0,Silver + L0, Gold in
The brass bar and the aluminum bar in the drawing are each attached to an immovable wall. At28 oC the air gap between the rods is 1.3 Ã— 10-3 m. At what temperature will the gap be closed?
You are sick, and your temperature is 312.0 kelvins. Convert this temperature to the Fahrenheit scale?
As the drawing shows, two thin strips of metal are bolted together at one end; both have the same temperature. One is steel, and the other is aluminum. The steel strip is 0.10% longer than the
Consult Multiple-Concept Example 4 for insight into solving this problem. A copper rod is fastened securely at both ends to immovable supports. When this rod is stretched, it will rupture when a

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