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communication research
Questions and Answers of
Communication Research
7. Log onto to the following Web site: www.pbs.org/30secondcandidate. Discuss how some of the tricks of the trade for making a candidate look good or bad are currently being used by those who are
6. Select a short scene from your own life in which you were interacting with another person. Then assume you and your partner were communicating that same scene via a technology of your choice
5. Different cultures exhibit different nonverbal behavior, and sometimes these differences cause communication problems when people from those different cultures interact. But it is also true that
4. In what ways do you think advertising influences your nonverbal behavior? How does advertising influence your perceptions of other people’s nonverbal behavior? As an exercise, take careful notes
3. Suppose you were hired to advise incoming college freshmen on what nonverbal behavior they should enact to impress their teachers.What advice would you give?
2. You are a consultant to a vibrant, physically appealing presidential candidate who is not a deep thinker and so is unable to make good arguments for his or her platform. What would you do to get
1. Discuss how the nonverbal behavior of a patient and physician can mutually influence each other. Next time you visit a counselor or physician, try to carefully observe that person’s nonverbal
5. Describe how you nonverbally communicate your romantic involvement with someone when you are in public together. How has the presence of a potential rival influenced this, especially when the
4. Try to imagine a social world in which lies could be detected accurately 99 percent of the time. Describe it.
3. Identify situations in which controlling behavior is likely to be reciprocated, and when it is likely to elicit compensatory behavior. Why?
2. What does it mean to collaborate in a lie?Are collaborators and liars subject to similar ethical standards?
1. Research tells us that men typically smile, laugh, and gaze at their conversational partners far less than women do. Speculate on why this is and the extent to which it is functional or
6. Use the following link to discover how speech accents vary by region in the United States. You will be able to test your ability to identify the region of the United States a speaker is from on
5. Spend some time paying special attention to how you use vocal cues to identify a person’s characteristics, such as social class, education, sexual orientation, or personality.A good way to do
4. Theorists argue that some nonverbal channels are easier than others to self-monitor and control. Compare the vocal channel to the face and body channels. How would you rank these three channels in
3. Review the different methods for making voices free of verbal content by applying content-masking techniques. Why does the chapter argue that doing this does not free the voice of content?
2. Analyze the phenomenon of sarcasm in terms of the voice as well as the other cues that might be associated with it. Act out a variety of different comments in a sarcastic manner, and specify the
1. Consider stereotypes you have about the voice—for example, about high or low voices, fast or slow voices, voices with different accents, and so forth. Discuss what truth you think there is to
6. Go to a bus or elevator that is crowded and observe how you, as well as the other people, use gaze in such a circumstance. How much, when, where, and at whom do people gaze?
5. People of higher status are sometimes said to gaze more and for longer periods than people of lower status. What do you think of this?Think of examples that would and would not be supportive of
4. As an experiment, try looking continuously at the eye region of a person you are conversing with. Is this difficult? Did the person react to this in any way—for example, by reducing gaze, moving
3. Try to recall a time when you had a conversation with someone with a physical disability, someone on crutches or in a wheelchair, for example. Did your gazing patterns change when interacting with
2. Watch yourself in a mirror, and try to convey the following emotions using only your eyes and eyebrows: fear, anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, and sadness. How do your eye positions and
1. How do you use gaze in your everyday life?When are you more likely to gaze at someone for a long period of time? When are you more likely to gaze for a very short period of time?
7. To see a demonstration of the FACSGen 2.0 program for generating facial expressions on humanlike faces, go to the following Web address: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHg3a9z0alg.
6. Some people are more aware of the expressions that occur on their faces than other people. Discuss this phenomenon. What kind of people do you think are more selfobservant than others? What impact
5. Can you think of any occasions when you might have experienced intensification, or even creation, of an emotion as a result of facial feedback?
4. The chapter gives examples of how the face is a potent influence on others. Think of some other examples of this, and discuss whether the face is more or less influential than other nonverbal
3. As noted in the chapter, the distinction between a feigned or posed facial display and an authentic or spontaneous one may be hard to make. Discuss the issue of intentionality in facial
2. Consider men’s and women’s nonverbal behavior. Does the concept of display rules help you explain any differences between the sexes?
1. Facial expressions can show emotions, but they also are used for conversation management.Give examples of each, and state which function you consider the most important.
6. For a day, pay close attention to your own and others’ use of self-touching. Try to analyze the circumstances under which people engage in this behavior. Note what brings it on, what situations
5. It has been suggested that sometimes a woman’s friendly intention touch is misperceived by a man as being a sexual invitation.Have you ever had such an experience? Do you think this is a true
4. Sometimes people are eager to touch others because they gain something of psychological value by doing so, yet people often feel violated by being touched. Discuss these different perspectives on
3. Most studies find that touch is a rather infrequent event. Do you think this is correct?Discuss exceptions to this generalization.Why do you think touch might seem to be not very common?
2. What do you think about the ethics of using touch to achieve compliance or a favor from someone? Is it different from using persuasive language or using other forms of nonverbal communication,
1. Think of a person you know personally who does not like touching or being touched.What analysis can you offer for this person’s characteristic? How much do you think it reflects personal history
4. Select a speech-independent gesture. Discuss the meaning of this gesture when accompanied by different facial expressions and speech.
3. Can you think of any instance in which gestures might pose a challenge to the doctrine of freedom of speech?
2. Some researchers have found matching behavior to be associated with rapport between the interactants. Can you think of a situation in which rapport would not involve matching behavior? Can you
1. Spend some time during the day interacting without using hand gestures. What problems did you encounter, if any? What does your experience tell you about the relationship of gestures and speech?
5. Do you think a person can be physically attractive in one situation but not in another?Test this idea with both males and females by showing photos of the same people in different situations.
4. People have been refused employment or fired from their jobs because of perceived problems with their height, weight, odor, skin color, clothing, hair, or general attractiveness.Under what
3. Do we see physical attractiveness differently in photos and videos with no sound? Do your own experiment: Obtain ratings of the physical attractiveness of people in photos and the same people
2. Do you know romantic couples in which the female is significantly less attractive than the male? If so, develop photos that reflect this difference, and ask people what it is about the female that
1. Can our verbal behavior affect the way people perceive our physical attractiveness?What verbal behavior might cause people to perceive us as less physically attractive?What verbal behavior might
5. The next time you are walking with two other people, note the spatial arrangement of the group. Does this pattern change when the age, status, or gender composition of the group changes?
4. Do you think the findings associated with leadership, dominance, and seating behavior apply to females as well as males? Why or why not?
3. When is a woman’s purse likely to be perceived as a primary territory? When can it become a secondary territory?
2. What factors are likely to cause a person who comes to the United States from another culture, with different norms for conversational space, to maintain the norms from his or her culture of
1. Identify a secondary territory you have experienced in which ownership was disputed. Discuss what happened, why it happened, and how the conflict could have been prevented.
5. To get an idea of your time perspective, take the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, which is available online.
4. How do people communicate time-related messages by their behavior?
3. The impact of environmental features on human behavior will vary as a function of context, but what features do you think play a large or small role across different contexts? Explain your choices.
2. Assume the role of a stranger entering your own apartment or your family’s home. What messages does the environment communicate?
1. Select a familiar environment that effectively encourages or discourages human interaction.Now indicate all the changes you would make so this environment would have the exact opposite effect.
6. Sometimes it is said that people enact and interpret nonverbal cues automatically, that is, without analytic thought or intention. For different behaviors and/or skills that you can point to, what
5. Do you think that too much knowledge or skill in nonverbal communication could be a bad thing? Argue both for and against this hypothesis.
4. Are there any moral or ethical issues related to the decoding and encoding of nonverbal cues?
3. The ability to decode other people’s nonverbal emotional expressions is only one definition of nonverbal sensitivity. Think of some other definitions of nonverbal sensitivity, and analyze why
2. It has been suggested that abilities to send and receive nonverbal expressions may be inversely related, in part due to the expression norms within families. Is your own family high or low on
1. How much insight do you think people have into the cues they use to make judgments about others’ states and traits?
4. If you could get an instant and true answer to any question about nonverbal communication, what would your question be?
3. Discuss the most unusual or subtle nonverbal signal or signals you have observed in an interaction partner. What helped you assess their meaning?
2. Identify a situation in which you would give more credibility to a person’s verbal behavior when verbal and nonverbal behavior convey different messages.
1. Identify a situation in which you believe verbal behavior was clearly more important to the outcome of an interaction than nonverbal behavior. Explain why.
8. Analyze the results.
7. Conduct interviews. Make sure that you make calls at all times of day, at all days of ,veek, to eliminate bias.
6. 11.iin i11terviewers (if yon are not doing aU the data collection yourself).
5. Derernune who will do the i11rerviewing.
4. Write sw-vey.
3. Determine your expected response rate (look at previous research or conduct a pilot study). From this, determine how n1any people you' ll need to call. Be sure to account for wrong phone nun1bers
2. Find a sampling f:ran1e and obtain your sample.
1. Based on your RQ or I-I, determine "'ho you want to talk to-determine if you ,vant to set any special requirements (such as age, sex, product usage).
\M1at are otl1er key pieces of infon11atio11y ou found in the artic le that 111ig .ht be releva.nt to your researcl1?
W11at are the key findings or conclusions?
Wl1at is the 111ethod of data collection?
Wl1at are the key concepts or va1·iables under study?
Wl1at is the research question or hypothesis?
'Wl1at is the purpose statement?
What is the correct citation for tl1e article?
13. What other sources sl1ould you look up &·om tl1e article's literature revie~,?
12. \¥11at relevant quotes 1njght you use from this in your own literatur e review?
11. l-lo"v rece11t are ilie so1trces?
10. I-low i11-depthw as the research?
9. 'Wl1at is ilie methodology?Is it clearly detailed?
8. Hov., rece1itis the researcl1?
7. I-low liighly regarded is the journal?
6. Does this l1ave a researchq uestion or a hJ,pothesisW? l1at is it?
5. Is tl1is basic or npplied research?
4. W11at is the evidence for that claiJ11?
3. 'W11atc lni11iis tlus article 1nakii1g?
2. vVl1ata re the main poi1ztsa nd findhzgs?
Wl1at is the research topic?
4. To become familiar with the different types of research
3. To understand how ow· beliefs, values, and the ways we see the world influence our research choices
2. To und understand the differences between the rcs earcl1 perspectives and paradigms discussed in th.is a chapter
11. Participants' quotes are the data of qualita- tive research project; some directly quoted conversation of participants must be pre- sented in the research report.
10. An effectively written qualitative research report has an organizing framework to guide the reader through description and analysis.
9. Description and analysis must be balanced in a qualitative research report.
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