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communication research

Questions and Answers of Communication Research

6. Informed consent contains information about the research procedures, including any possible risks and benefits.
5. Obtaining informed consent, or a research participants' agreement to participate in the research project, is almost always required.
4. Universities and colleges have institutional review boards, or human subjects commit- tees, that review the research proposals of professors and students to determine if the rights and welfare of
3. Three principles-beneficence, respect for persons, and justice-must be simultane- ously upheld.
2. Researchers have three broad responsibili- ties: a scientific responsibility, a responsibil- ity for developing and conducting research that will yield knowledge worth knowing, and a
1. Issues of ethics and integrity are an integral part of the research process and must be explored as the research project is designed and developed.
3. Professional responsibility requires that ethical communication researchers know and comply with the legal and institutional guidelines covering their work. They do not use the work of others as
2. The value of confidentiality demands that the identity of those being researched be kept confidential except in cases where the research is carried out on public figures or publicly available
1. In terms of integrity, ethical communication researchers should employ recog- nized standards of research practice, conducting research that they have been properly trained to do, and avoiding
9. Is the researcher capable of carrying out the procedures in a valid and credible manner?
8. Is the research design valid or credible? Does it take into account relevant theory, methods, and prior findings?
7. How will the researcher's role affect the study?
6. What are the consequences of the study for participants? Will potential harm be out- weighed by expected benefits? Will reporting or publishing the outcomes of the study create risk or harm for
5. What potential harm-physical or psychological could come to the participants as a result of the study?
4. Are the participants appropriate to the pur- pose of the study? Are they representative of the population that is to benefit from the research?
3. How can the confidentiality and anonymity of research participants be handled? Is there a way to disguise participants' identity? Who will have access to the data?
2. How will the consent of participants to participate in the study be gained? Should consent be given orally or in writing? Who should give the consent? Is the participant capable of doing so? If
1. What are the benefits of this study? How can the study contribute to understanding communication? Will the contributions of the study be primarily for participants? For others similar to the
14. Write a description of research participants in such a way as to conceal their identities.
13. Write a research report that does not plagiarize the work of others.
12. Ensure the accuracy of data and findings.
11. Provide an adequate debriefing for research participants.
10. Understand any risks associated with videotaping and audiotaping participants' interactions.
9. Identify ethical concerns when a research study uses online technology.
8. Devise data collection procedures that maintain participants' confidentiality and anonymity.
7. Use deception and confederates only if other alternatives are unavailable, and only if these practices do not cause undue harm for participants.
6. Write an informed consent form that is understandable for participants.
5. Follow procedures and guidelines required by your university's institutional review board.
4. Design a research project that demon- strates beneficence, respect for persons, and justice.
3. Find alternative research procedures to avoid physical or psychological harm to participants.
2. Explain how your research project minimizes risk and enhances benefits to participants.
1. Address potential ethical issues during the design phase of the research project.
15. A literature review is your integrated analy- sis of the scholarly literature and concludes with the statement of the research questions or hypotheses.
14. Using what you found in the library search, organize your material by major and minor points, in chronological order, by answering a series of questions, or from the general to the specific or
13. Your preliminary question may require ad- justment as you discover new information.
12. When you find an article or book that may be helpful, take notes and document all the citation information.
11. Find scholarly articles published in aca- demic journals or scholarly books.
10. Evaluate your preliminary questions for their underlying assumptions,completeness, and clarity prior to conduct- ing the library search.
9. If the answer is neither known nor available, research must be conducted to uncover the answer.
8. Library research can reveal if the answer to your question is available, but not known to you.
7. The first step in both the deductive and in- ductive research processes identifying the research problem consists of identifying a communication issue, turning this into a preliminary question or
6. Both the deductive and inductive research processes are circular and cyclical as the final step, asking new questions, starts the research process again.
5. The steps of the inductive research process are identifying the research problem, considering existing research findings, developing the research question, designing the methods and procedures,
4. The steps of the deductive process are identifying the research problem, reviewing existing theory, formulating a research question or hypothesis, designing the methods and procedures, gathering
3. Research can be a deductive or an inductive process.
2. Theory is developed and tested through research.
1. Researchers seek answers to questions.
5. It is not likely that any study will be exactly like the one you want to design and conduct. How can you adapt ideas from this article or chapter to your study? (Adapted from Berger, 2011).
4. What insights can you draw from the article or chapter? What is new, useful, or has implications for your research project?
3. What examples does the author give?
2. Identify the arguments the author is making. What evidence (i.e., data, theory) does the author present for those arguments?
1. Look for the definitions of important concepts and ideas.
10. What other issues have you found related to your primary one?
9. Are there reasons to replicate, or repeat, studies that have been conclusive?
8. What aspects of the issue have been ignored?
7. What questions about the issue have been answered?
6. What aspects of the issue received the most attention?
5. Where has research on the topic been published?
4. Who has done the most work on your issue?
3. In your basic search for references on communication in stepfamilies, you have found that communication scholar Paul Schrodt is the author of several studies. How do you interpret this
2. Your question is "What nonverbal behaviors demonstrate confidence in public speaking?" What keywords would you use in your basic search? What synonyms could be used? Conduct this search and report
1. Using the keywords media and ethics, perform a database search (e.g., Commu- nication and Mass Media Complete) available through your university library. Do the same keyword search on Google. How
3. Has some critical event occurred or soci- etal value changed that could challenge the interpretation of the answers to the questions asked?
2. How recent or relevant is the material?
1. How much has been written on your issue?
8. If a source is quoted or paraphrased on the web page, is information about that source provided so you can independently verify the accuracy of the information?
7. How current is the website? Look for dates to indicate when the site was created and updated.
6. What is the purpose of the website? To inform? Persuade? Sell? Is advertising clearly labeled as such?
5. Are the author's credentials or affiliations displayed on the website?
4. Can you tell who (a person or institution) cre- ated the site? Is there a name, e-mail address, or an about us or contact us link? Where do those links take you?
3. Is this a personal website? One way to tell is to look for a tilde (~). Tildes often signify a personal website. If a tilde is used with an orga- nizational name, often what follows is the web-
2. Who publishes or owns the site? How can you tell? Look for this information between http://and the next/.
1. What type of domain does the site come from? Generally,.edu and .gov sites are considered more trustworthy than .org and .com sites.
9. How could those who are interested use the information?
8. Who would be interested in the answer to the question?
7. Can you research this question given the limitations of time and resources?
6. Is there some way to observe or measure the communication phenomenon of interest?
5. Is the question phrased in such a way that it is not biased toward a particular answer or solution?
4. What is the communication orientation of the question? In other words, what communica- tion practice, policy, rule, procedure, or con- sequence is being investigated? Is your focus on symbols,
3. Have you asked only one question? Not two, three, or four?
2. Do others agree about the clarity of the question?
1. Is the question clearly stated?
9. Effectively summarize and report what you have found in the library.
8. Track a citation back to its original source.
7. Glean the basic ideas from reading the abstract, literature review, and discussion sections of a research article.
6. Conduct a search for print and online scholarly resources.
5. Evaluate preliminary questions for their completeness and clarity.
4. Explain why a preliminary question is superior to a topic in conducting library research.
3. Develop a preliminary question from a topic or issue.
2. Explain why the research process starts with identifying a research problem.
1. Describe what a theory is and its role in communication research.
13. Questions suitable for communication re- search may be questions of fact, questions of variable relations, questions of value, or questions of policy.
12. Questions suitable for communica- tion research are those with theoretical significance, of social importance, and in which the researcher has personal interest.
11. Research is judged to be scientific by 12 characteristics: its empirical nature, its ability to be tested, the extent to which it can be falsified or disproved, the ability to repli- cate or
10. A formal research question asks what the tentative relationship among variables might be, or asks about the state or nature of some communication phenomenon.
9. A hypothesis is a tentative, educated guess or proposition about the relationship be- tween two or more variables.
8. Communication scholars start with an inter- esting question and then formulate a formal research question or hypothesis.
7. The study of communication from a social science perspective looks for patterns across cases and focuses on symbols used to con- struct messages, messages, the effects of messages, and their
6. As a social science, communication researchers use both quantitative and qualitative methods.
5. The best research is that which is driven by theory, validates a theory, further explains a theory, challenges an existing theory, or aids in the creation of theory.

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