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fundamentals of statistics

Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Statistics

For each given purpose statement or research objective in a–d, determine the corresponding research methodology you think is most appropriate, and explain why you think it is appropriate. Note that
Given the purpose statement or research question in a–c, determine the variable being measured, the type of variable, and corresponding measurement scale.a. Purpose statement: To examine the
1. Given the RQ: "To what extent are students' perceptions of a flight instructor's ability as a pilot influenced by the flight instructor's personality?" What is the DV?a. Pilotb. Flight
2. Operational definitions are encouraged in research because theya. conform to the requirement of statistical analysis.b. make terms used in a study as explicit as possible.c. increase the
3. Which of the following represents an operational definition of "test anxiety?"a. The inability to do well on an exam.b. Failing an exam when the student truly understands the material.c. The
4. A researcher designed a study to investigate CFIs' attitudes in the state of Florida to- ward gender in aviation. She received permission from 15 flight schools to personally contact the CFIs
5. Although RQs usually concern a with aa. sample, statisticb. population, parameterc. sample, populationd. population, sample the actual research is typically conducted
6. Based on the responses she received from over 100,000 solicited letters from GA pi- lots, a representative for the AOPA reports that most GA pilots regret not becoming an ATP. A reasonable
7. Choose the research methodology that would be most appropriate to investigate the following RQ: "In what way do married flight attendants deal with the stress of being away from home?"a. Surveyb.
8. Experimental studies can be differentiated most clearly from observational studies on which of the following characteristics?a. The statistical analysis of data.b. The use of structured designs.c.
9. Consider the statement "Jane is preparing for the FAA IRA exam." Which scale should be used to measure this statement?a. Nominalb. Ordinalc. d. Interval Ratio
10. A study examined the effect level of education (high school diploma, 2-year college degree, 4-year college degree, and graduate/advanced degree) has on career hap- piness. The study involved a
1. Describe what you want to investigate, and explain why you want to investigate it and why you think it merits an investigation.
2. Write an appropriate research purpose statement and corresponding RQ.
3. Identify and operationally define all key terms and phrases.
4. Specify the target population, and describe the sampling strategy you propose to use to select the sample.
5. Specify the research methodology you will use to answer the RQ, and explain why this methodology is appropriate.
6. Determine the variables being measured, the type of variables, and corresponding measurement scale.
7. Explain the extent to which you think the results of the study can be confidently gen- eralized to the parent population and why?
1. Given the following two distributions, determine which statement is correct.a. The two distributions have equal means.b. The two distributions have unequal medians.c. The standard deviation of
2. Given the set of scores, 5, 5, 5, 10,7,7,7, what would be the shape of the distribution? Uniforma. b. Skewed leftc. Skewed rightd. Symmetrical
3. To describe the distribution of average daily teaching load of flight students for CFIs at a local flight school, a spokesperson reports that a few CFIs have a very heavy teaching load, whereas
4. Which of the following statements is correct?a. The mean is a point in the distribution below and above which 50% of the cases lie.b. The mode is the least stable measure of central tendency.c.
5. If the standard deviation of the scores on a test is SD= 0, we should conclude:a. Nobody got even one question correct.b. Half the scores were above the mean, and half the scores were below the
6. The table below contains the number of days retired U.S. naval aviators spent in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at a local veteran's hospital who were admitted during the 5-day period December
7. ICAO's Test of English for Aviation (TEA) was administered to 100 nonnative English speaking flight students. Which statement CANNOT be an accurate description of the distribution of the TEA
8. A random sample (N = 200) of the Florida Young Aviators Club, which consists of pre-teenage children, yielded the following distribution of heights: M = 46 in. (117 cm), Mdn = 45 in. (114 cm), SD
9. When would a score that is 15 points above the mean be considered an outlier?a. When the population mean is much larger than 15.b. When the population standard deviation is much larger than 15.c.
10. Given the box plots in Figure 2.11, which of the following statements CANNOT be justified?a. Data set A and data set B have the same number of data points.b. The interquartile range of data set A
1. Based on the IVs and DV, what would be an appropriate overall RQ for this study?The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains research data collected from a ran- dom sample of N = 340
2. What would be an appropriate research methodology/design for this study? Explain.The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains research data collected from a ran- dom sample of N = 340
3. Using your statistics software, find the appropriate measures of central tendency and variability for Y and X - Xg. Complete a chart like the one below. The first row is com- pleted for you as a
4. Explain how you would determine the measure of central tendency for X10?The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains research data collected from a ran- dom sample of N = 340 certified
5. Prepare a descriptive statistics summary table for all the continuous variables. Use the table below as a guide. (Round to two decimal places.)The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains
6. Consider the outliers associated with Xg. Determine which outliers you think are rarecases and which you think might be contaminants. Explain.The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains
7. Based on the results for Y, how would you assess CFIs' overall level of complacency?The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains research data collected from a ran- dom sample of N = 340
8. Based on the results for X1 and X5, to what population do you think the results of this study would be generalizable? Why?The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains research data
9. Interpret in the context of the given research setting Q, Mdn, and Q3 for Y.The data file labeled Ch 2 Exercises Part B contains research data collected from a ran- dom sample of N = 340 certified
10. What type of distribution do the complacency (Y) scores form, and what is the shape of this distribution if the outliers are removed? Justify your response relative to the three measures of
81 Refer to Exercise 79.a. Graph the probability distribution.b. Find the mean and standard deviation of x .
80 Refer to Exercise 78.a. Graph the probability distributionb. Find the mean and standard deviation of x .
77 Give the four characteristics of a Poisson random variable.
Ecologists often use the number of reported sightings of a rare species of animal to estimate the remaining population size. For example, suppose the number x of reported sightings per week of blue
76 Does having boys run in the family? Chance (Fall 2001)reported that the eight men in the Rodgers family produced 24 biological children over four generations. Of these 24 children, 21 were boys
75 USGA golf ball specifications. According to the U.S. Golf Association (USGA),“The weight of the [golf] ball shall not be greater than 1.620 ounces avoirdupois (45.93 grams)… . The diameter of
74 Assigning a passing grade. A literature professor decides to give a 20-question true–false quiz to determine who has read an assigned novel. She wants to choose the passing grade such that the
73 Testing a psychic’s ESP. In a experiment conducted by the Tampa Bay Skeptics to see whether an acclaimed psychic had extrasensory perception (ESP), a crystal was placed, at random, inside 1 of
72 Chickens with fecal contamination. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports that, under its standard inspection system, one in every 100 slaughtered chickens passes inspection
71 Victims of domestic abuse. According to researchers at Dan Jones & Associates, 1 in every 3 women has been a victim of domestic abuse (Domestic Violence: Incidence and Prevalence Study,
70 Student gambling on sports. A study of gambling activity at the University of West Georgia (UWG) discovered that 60% of the male students wagered on sports the previous year ( The Sport Journal ,
69 Making your vote count. The recent Democratic and Republican presidential state primary elections were highlighted by the difference in the way winning candidates were awarded delegates. In
68 Immediate feedback to incorrect exam answers. Researchers from the Educational Testing Service (ETS) found that providing immediate feedback to students answering openended questions can
67 Hotel guest satisfaction. Each year, J. D. Power and Associates publishes the results of its North American Hotel Guest Satisfaction Index Study. For 2009, the study revealed that 66% of hotel
66 Caesarian births. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists reports that 32% of all births in the United States take place by Caesarian section each year.( National Vital Statistics
65 Tracking missiles with satellite imagery. The U.S. government has devoted considerable funding to missile defense research over the past 20 years. The latest development is the Space-Based
64 Analysis of bottled water. Is the bottled water you’re drinking really purified water? A study of various brands of bottled water conducted by the Natural Resources Defense Council found that
63 Chemical signals of mice. Cell (May 14, 2010) conducted a study of the ability of a mouse to recognize the odor of a potential predator. The sources of these odors are typically major urinary
62 Where will you get your next pet? According to an Associated Press/Petside.com poll, half of all pet owners would get their next dog or cat from a shelter ( USA Today, May 12, 2010). Consider a
Use the applets entitled Simulating the Probability of a Head with an Unfair Coin (P1H2 = 0.2) and Simulating the Probability of a Head with an Unfair Coin (P1H2 = 0.8) to study the mean m of a
61 The binomial probability distribution is a family of probability distributions with each single distribution depending on the values of n and p . Assume that x is a binomial random variable with n
60 Suppose x is a binomial random variable with n = 5 and p = .5 . Compute p1x2 for x = 0, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5, using the following two methods:a. List the sample points (take S for Success and F
59 If x is a binomial random variable, use Table II in Appendix:Tables to find the following probabilities:a. P(x 6 10) for n = 25, p = .7b. P(x Ú 10) for n = 15, p = .9c. P(x = 2) for n = 20, p = .2
58 If x is a binomial random variable, use Table II in Appendix:Tables to find the following probabilities:a. P(x = 2) for n = 10, p = .4b. P(x … 5) for n = 15, p = .6c. P(x 7 1) for n = 5, p = .1
57 If x is a binomial random variable, calculate m, s2 , and s for each of the following:a. n = 25, p = .5b. n = 80, p = .2c. n = 100, p = .6d. n = 70, p = .9e. n = 60, p = .8f. n = 1,000, p = .04
56 Suppose x is a binomial random variable with n = 3 and p = .3 .a. Calculate the value of p1x2 , x = 0, 1 , 2 , 3 , using the formula for a binomial probability distribution.b. Using your answers
55 If x is a binomial random variable, compute p1x2 for each of the following cases:a. n = 5, x = 1, p = .2b. n = 4, x = 2, q = .4c. n = 3, x = 0, p = .7d. n = 5, x = 3, p = .1e. n = 4, x = 2, q =
54 Refer to Exercise 52.a. Graph the probability distribution.b. Find the mean and standard deviation of x .c. Show the mean and the two-standard-deviation interval on each side of the mean on the
51 Give the formula for p1x2 for a binomial random variable with n = 7 and p = .2 .
50 Give the five characteristics of a binomial random variable.
Suppose a poll of 20 voters is taken in a large city. The purpose is to determine x , the number who favor a certain candidate for mayor. Suppose that 60% of all the city’s voters favor the
Refer to Examples 10 and 11. Calculate m and s, the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the number of the four adults who pass the test. Interpret the results.
Refer to Example 10 . Use the formula for a binomial random variable to find the probability distribution of x , where x is the number of adults who pass the fitness test. Graph the distribution.
The Heart Association claims that only 10%of U.S. adults over 30 years of age meet the minimum requirements established by the President’s Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition. Suppose four
For the following examples, decide whether x is a binomial random variable:a. A university scholarship committee must select two students to receive a scholarship for the next academic year.The
49 Parlay card betting. Odds makers try to predict which professional and college football teams will win and by how much (the spread ). If the odds makers do this accurately, adding the spread to
48 The Showcase Showdown. On the popular television game show The Price is Right , contestants can play “The Showcase Showdown.” The game involves a large wheel with 20 nickel values, 5, 10, 15,
47 Expected winnings in roulette. In the popular casino game of roulette, you can bet on whether the ball will fall in an arc on the wheel colored red, black, or green. The probability of a red
46 Expected Lotto winnings. The chance of winning Florida’s Pick-6 Lotto game is 1 in approximately 23 million.Suppose you buy a $1 Lotto ticket in anticipation of winning the $7 million grand
42 NHTSA car crash tests. Refer to Exercise 22, in which you found the probability distribution for x , the number of stars in a randomly selected car’s driver-side crash rating. Find m = E1x2 for
36 For a mound-shaped, symmetric distribution, what is the probability that x falls into the interval m { 2s?
35 Will E1x2 always be equal to a specific value of the random variable x ?
34 What does the expected value of a random variable represent?
31 X and Y chromosomes. Every human possesses two sex chromosomes. A copy of one or the other (equally likely) is contributed to an offspring. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
27 Contaminated gun cartridges. A weapons manufacturer uses a liquid propellant to produce gun cartridges. During the manufacturing process, the propellant can get mixed with another liquid to
Use the applet entitled Random Numbers to generate a list of 25 numbers between 1 and 3, inclusive. Let x represent a number chosen from this list.a. What are the possible values of x ?b. Give the
21 T oss three fair coins, and let x equal the number of heads observed.a. Identify the sample points associated with this experiment, and assign a value of x to each sample point.b. Calculate p1x2
15 Give three different ways of representing the probability distribution of a discrete random variable
A drought is a period of abnormal dry weather that causes serious problems in the farming industry of the region. University of Arizona researchers used historical annual data to study the severity
14 Art history. Give an example of a discrete random variable of interest to an art historian.
13 Nursing. Give an example of a discrete random variable of interest to a hospital nurse.
12 Sociology. Give an example of a discrete random variable of interest to a sociologist.
11 Psychology. Give an example of a discrete random variable of interest to a psychologist.
10 Motivation of drug dealers. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice (Sept. 2009) did a study of the personality characteristics of drug dealers. For each of 100 convicted drug dealers, the
9 Mongolian desert ants. The Journal of Biogeography (Dec.2003) did a study of ants in Mongolia. Two of the several variables recorded at each of 11 study sites were annual rainfall (in millimeters)
8 Sound waves from a basketball. In the American Journal of Physics (June 2010) experiment on sound waves produced from striking a basketball, frequencies of sound wave echoes resulting from striking
7 Customers in line at a Subway shop. The number of customers, x , waiting in line to order sandwiches at a Subway shop at noon is of interest to the store manager. What values can x assume? Is x a
6 NHTSA crash tests. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed a driver-side “star” scoring system for crash-testing new cars Each crash-tested car is given a
5 Type of Random Variable. Identify the following variables as discrete or continuous:a. The difference in reaction time to the same stimulus before and after trainingb. The number of violent crimes
4 Type of Random Variable. Identify the following random variables as discrete or continuous:a. The amount of flu vaccine in a syringeb. The heart rate (number of beats per minute) of an American
3 Type of Random Variable. Classify the following random variables according to whether they are discrete or continuous:a. The number of words spelled correctly by a student on a spelling testb. The

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