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fundamentals of statistics

Questions and Answers of Fundamentals Of Statistics

B. Data Analysis 1. Conduct a hypothesis test via a repeated-measures t test by applying all four steps of hypothesis testing as presented in Sections 11.3 and 11.4.This research study is with
A. Pre-Data Analysis 1. Specify the research questions and corresponding operational definitions. 2. Specify the research hypotheses. 3. Determine the appropriate research methodology/design and
10. Let's assume a researcher collected data using a repeated-measures design that con- sisted of two measurements of performance on the dependent variable but inad- vertently analyzed the data using
9. A repeated-measures design also is referred to as a paired-samples design because a first set of scores is paired with a second set of scores. Which of the following is NOT an example of paired
8. Let's assume you conducted a study to determine the effect "noise" has on flight stu- dents' performance, which was measured in a simulator and defined as the mean deviation from the glidepath in
7. Which research setting describes a study that uses a repeated-measures design?a. You seek to compare the mean annual salary between a randomly selected group of male Part 121 pilots with that of a
6. Let's assume that an aviation researcher is interested in examining the effectiveness of two different programs (P1 and P2) designed to improve flight students' learning strategies. To conduct
5. Let's assume you conducted a study that measured the reaction times in seconds at two different points in time involving a group of GA pilots who were all the same age: the year when they turned
4. The concept of "individuals serve as their own control" with respect to a repeated- measures design means:a. The same group of individuals is assigned to both treatment and control groups
3. Which of the following is an example of paired data where a repeated-measures t test would be appropriate to compare the means of the two sets of scores?a. Scores from married couples with respect
2. A flight instructor is developing a new test to assess flight students' knowledge of the NAS. As part of the test construction process, he develops two parallel forms of the instrument. He will
Distinguish between a between-groups design and a within-groups design.
6. The following partial ANOVA summary table resulted from a study that involved four groups of 12 each. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Source SS df MS F Between 9 Within Total 20 47
Prepare the matrix representation for the two-factor IRA exam study where the first factor is Type of Preparation Software and has four levels (BIM, GWS, JAE, and DSC), and the second factor is
5. As part of a research study, a researcher examined the effect "professional experi- ence" has on airport managers' level of professionalism, which was measured using Hall's Professional Inventory
7. A group of subject matter experts (SMEs) developed a new method for teaching the phonetic alphabet used by pilots and air traffic controllers to new flight students. They randomly selected 24
10. An aviation human factors study examined the relationship between military pilots' biological sex (Male vs. Female) and three different types of stressful situations: Per- forming mental
A. Pre-Data Analysis 1. Specify the research questions and corresponding operational definitions. 2. Specify the research hypotheses.3. Determine the appropriate research methodology/design and
C. Post-Data Analysis 1. Report and interpret the effect size indexes, n, n, w, and Cohen's f for all three effects. 2. If appropriate, determine and interpret the 95% confidence intervals, including
B. Data Analysis 1. Conduct a hypothesis test using factorial ANOVA by applying all four steps of hypoth- esis testing as presented in Sections 10.4 and 10.5. 2. Determine what post hoc test(s) to
9. A study based on Smith-Jentsch et al. (1996) examined the effect of two factors involv- ing Part 121 pilots' assertiveness: Factor A = Number of prior negative events pilots previously experienced
8. An aviation researcher examined the effect of alcohol consumption on pilot perfor- mance. The study was conducted in a flight simulator and pilot performance was de- fined as the measure of
6. A study was designed to examine the effect a person's level of education (high school diploma, 2-year college degree, 4-year college degree, and graduate/advanced de- gree) has on his or her
4. One distinction between an ordinal interaction and a disordinal interaction isa. the graphs of the corresponding lines of an ordinal interaction are parallel.b. the slopes of the corresponding
3. A 2*6 factorial ANOVA was used to examine the effect of airline passengers' biological sex (Female or Male) and Class of Service they normally purchase with respect to their general attitudes
2. After completing her data analysis, a researcher concluded: "With respect to final grades, attending evening classes is an advantage for female flight students but a disadvantage for male flight
1. A study examined the effects of GA pilots' Self-Efficacy (Low vs. High) and their level of Risk Perception (Low vs. High) on the number of self-reported hazardous events in which they were
Construct an interaction plot using the data from the file Ch_10 Weather Knowledge Study Data. These data were summarized in the group-means table in Figure 10.3.
C. Post-Data Analysis 1. Report and interpret the two effect size indexes, n and Cohen'sf. 2. Determine and interpret the 95% confidence intervals, including their precision and AIPE, for all
B. Data Analysis 1. Conduct a hypothesis test for the single-factor ANOVA by applying all four steps as presented in Sections 9.4 and 9.5. As part of a capstone project, a student examined the time
A. Pre-Data Analysis 1. Specify the research question and corresponding operational definitions. 2. Specify the research hypothesis. 3. Determine the appropriate research methodology/design and
10. An aviation researcher compared the job-related mental health, or well-being, of flight attendants from four different airlines: Delta, United, JetBlue, and Southwest. Flight attendants' mental
9. Refer to the research description given in Problem 8. Let's assume that each group's mean Career Happiness score is MHS = 128.2, M2-year = 64.0, M4-year = 80.8, and MGrad/Adv = 57.0, and that the
A study examined the effect a person's level of education (high school diploma, 2-year college degree, 4-year college degree, and graduate/advanced degree) has on his or her career happiness. The
7. Refer to the information given in Problem 6. If the ANOVA summary table is completed correctly, then dfBetween=a. 3; 4; F(3,11) = 0.75 MS within and the F ratio isb. 3; 11; F(3,11) = 0.25 C. 3;
5. Three groups-A, B, and C-were selected randomly to participate in a research study. At the end of the study, an exam was administered and the scores were ana- lyzed via ANOVA, which resulted in a
4. Let's assume you endeavor to compare the effectiveness of sleep aids taken by pi- lots who are assigned international flights relative to how restful they feel, which is a self-reported response
3. The results of an ANOVA yielded an F statistic equal to -0.012. This means thata. it is unlikely that the ANOVA is statistically significant.b. the coefficient of determination is also negative.c.
2. In an Ftest, the individual differences among subjects that are not related to the inde- pendent variables are expressed asa. difference between groups.b. variance within groups.c. variance
1. Consider the following research question: "What is the difference in IQ between flight students and non-flight students?" Which statistical test is the best one to use to an- swer this question?a.
To test the assumption that sleep deprivation impacts aggression, a group of volunteer flight attendants were randomly assigned to sleep deprivation periods of 0, 6, 12, and 18 hours, and then tested
Contrast between-group variability vs. within-group variability and describe the F ratio and corresponding F distribution
C. Post-Data Analysis 1. Determine and interpret the effect size from both standard deviation units via Co- hen's estimated d and explained variance perspectives (r). 2. Determine and interpret the
B. Data Analysis 1. Conduct a hypothesis test of independent samples (difference in two means) by ap- plying all four steps as presented in Section 8.4.An airline's passenger load factor is a measure
A. Pre-Data Analysis 1. Specify the research question and corresponding operational definitions. 2. Specify the research hypothesis. 3. Determine the appropriate research methodology/design and
10. An aviation researcher examined the effectiveness of a new method for teaching the phonetic alphabet used by pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCs) to new flight stu- dents. She randomly
9. Let's assume a researcher is examining the difference in sample means from two in- dependent samples. Let's further assume that instead of randomly selecting each sample, she decides to match the
8. Let's say an aviation researcher conducted a one-tailed test of the hypothesis that avia- tion maintenance technicians (AMTS) who listen to music during their shift will be more productive than
7. A recruiter for naval aviators was interested in comparing the levels of physical fitness of students attending the local 2-year college and those attending the local 4-year university. He
6. A study was done that compared the FAA IRA exam scores with respect to biological sex (male or female) for a particular year. The researcher acquired exam scores from a random sample of n = 79
5. An aviation researcher compared the job-related mental health, or well-being, of flight attendants from a full-service carrier (FSC) and a low-cost carrier (LCC). Flight attendants' mental health
4. The homogeneity of variances assumption states thata. the variances of the samples are equal.b. the sample means come from populations with equal variances.c. the samples come from the same
3. Given Ho: - = 0 and H: -20. If the 95% CI (-): [2,7], then which of the following is true?a. The 95% CI for the difference in the means equals 95% of the distance from 2 to 7.b. The two means
2. The FAA's mandatory retirement age, which was increased from age 60 to age 65 for Part 121 pilots, became effective December 13, 2007. Let's assume that you endeavor to conduct a study to
1. Which of the following research objectives describes a between-groups design?a. To determine the relationship between risk perception and number of hours as PIC on a cross-country flight.b. To
C. Post-Data Analysis 1. Report and interpret the regression equation, including B and Bo. 2. Determine and interpret the effect size (f). 3. Determine and report the coefficient of determination (r)
Data Analysis 1. Conduct a hypothesis test of the regression coefficient by applying all four steps as presented in Sections 7.4 and 7.5. 2. Conduct an outlier analysis (there should be four
A. Pre-Data Analysis 1. Specify the research question and corresponding operational definitions. 2. Specify the research hypothesis. 3. Determine the appropriate research methodology/design and
10. A research study examined the extent to which education level (measured in total years of formal education) predicted career satisfaction among a group of commer- cial airline pilots. The results
9. A hot air balloonist is interested in the relationship between the number of times he engages the blast valve per minute (y) and the temperature inside the envelope of the balloon. Based on the
8. In a bivariate linear regression study, the researcher reported 95% CI : [-0.75, 3.25]. What would a test for Ho: B = 0 vs. H: B0 conclude?a. Reject the null hypothesis at a = .05 and all
7. Which statement about linear regression is NOT correct?a. The regression line maximizes the distance between observed and predicted scores.b. The regression line fits the data in the best place
6. Which correlation coefficient corresponds to a regression line with a negative slope? r=0a. b. r = .5c. r=-45d. r = 1
5. From a conceptual perspective, the RMSE may be considered an estimator ofa. b. Rc. 0d. Y
4. The regression line involving a dichotomously coded nominal variable alwaysa. has a slope that is denoted Bo.b. has a positive slope.c. has endpoints that represent the mean scores of the coded
3. If the slope of a regression equation is B = 0, then the line will be displayed in a scatter plot as aa. vertical line.b. horizontal line.c. line that rises from left to right.d. line that falls
2. The y value of the y intercept, Bo, of a regression equation represents thea. average amount of change in y per unit change in x.b. average distance between observed and predicted scores.c.
1. The slope of the regression linea. is denoted Bo-b. is always positive.c. means that if the value of x increases by 1 unit, then y increases by the value of the slope units.d. is the value of the
Sheppard (2013) examined the effect aviation fuel costs had on airline passenger itinerary costs with respect to major U.S. airlines and hypothesized there would be a positive effect.He operationally
C. Post-Data Analysis 1. Determine and interpret the effect size, r, from both explained variance and predic- tion perspectives. 2. Determine and interpret the 95% confidence interval, including its
B. Data Analysis 1. Conduct a hypothesis test of the correlation coefficient by applying all four steps as presented in Section 6.6.Bell et al. (1995) examined the relationship between pilot
A. Pre-Data Analysis 1. Specify the research question and corresponding operational definitions. 2. Specify the research hypothesis. 3. Determine the appropriate research methodology/design and
10. If the relationship between reaction time and attention span among a sample (n=150) of GA pilots is r=-42, then we may conclude:a. There is no significant relationship between pilots' reaction
9. Based on a sample size of n = 9 air traffic controller trainees, a researcher found that the relationship between the number of times ATCs took a break during their training session and the number
8. An air delivery service company places packages into large containers before fly- ing them across the country. These filled containers vary greatly in their weight. Suppose the company's airplanes
7. An investigator found strong evidence that elderly GA pilots and young GA pilots scored low on a general self-efficacy scale while middle-aged GA pilots scored high on this scale. This is an
6. Let's assume that the correlation between two variables, X and Y, is -1.00, where X = scores on the Test of English for Aviation (TEA) and Y = scores on the TOEFL IBT. Let's further assume that
5. One advantage a scatter plot has over the Pearson r is that a scatter plot can confirma. that the form of the relationship is linear.b. whether the relationship between the variables is positive,
4. Which one of the following correlation coefficients has the most predictive value?a. r = .88b. r = .50c. r = -.23d. r=-92
3. When compared to the correlation coefficient,r, the coefficient of determination,a. is always larger than r.b. can be larger or smaller than r.c. is always smaller than r.d. is negative if r is
2. An outlier in a correlation analysis is a score thata. makes r=1.b. makes r = 0.c. increases or decreases r.d. is usually of no concern.
1. Which of the following describes a bivariate distribution?a. Annual incomes of air traffic controllers.b. Aviation Safety Locus of Control scores of 50 GA pilots.c. Medical examination results for
C. Post-Data Analysis 1. Determine and interpret the estimated effect size using Cohen'sd. 2. Determine and interpret the effect size relative to explained variance (r). 3. Determine and interpret
B. Data Analysis 1. Conduct a hypothesis test of the mean by applying the four steps presented in Sec- tion 5.5.Although all airlines have luggage size restrictions for carry-on bags, not all
A. Pre-Data Analysis 1. Specify the research question and corresponding operational definitions. 2. Specify the research hypothesis. 3. Determine the appropriate research methodology/design and
8. In the airline industry, a measure of passenger carrying capacity is available seat kilometers (ASK), which is equal to "seats available x distance flown." For ex- ample, an aircraft with 100
7. BIM's test preparation software for the FAA IRA exam claims it will enable flight stu- dents to score above the national average, which is u=51.5 (o unknown). A researcher tests this claim by
6. Which of the following choice is true about the t distribution? It is symmetric regardless of df. I. II. It has more variability than the z distribution regardless of df. III. The variance
5. Given n = 30, = .01, unknown, and a two-tailed test, which of the following is correct?a. t = 2.457b. t=2.756 C. t = 2.750d. t 2.462
4. Given a critical t of -2.718 and an observed t of -2.69, you should reject the null hypothesisa. b. conduct another test using a larger sample sizec. postpone any decisiond. fail to reject the
3. If, for a one-tailed test, critical t values of 2.048, 2.763, and 3.674 correspond to a levels of .05, .01, and .001, respectively, the p value for the test statistic t* = 2.25 could be expressed
2. The major difference between a z ratio and a t ratio is that the t ratioa. contains an extra component.b. is entirely different.c. really is not a ratio.d. contains two sources of chance sampling
1. When performing a test of significance about a population mean, a t distribution in- stead of a normal (z) distribution often is used. Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation
Let’s revisit Example 4.3(a) from Chapter 4 and the corresponding hypothesis test, which involved examining the effectiveness of a 15-hour flight instruction safety workshop designed to reduce
If in Example 5.1, H1: μ ≠ 20 and n = 45, but all the other information holds, determine the corresponding t critical values from Table 2/Appendix A.
In the hypothesis test example presented in Chapter 4, we examined the effectiveness of a workshop to reduce CFIs’ level of complacency to flight instruction using a hypothetical set of CFI
Describe the population, sample, and sampling strategy of a given research study.
4. Explain the concept of sampling error
Let’s assume you are interested in examining the relationship between pilots’ diet and their flight performance. Write a corresponding purpose statement, RQ, and operationally define all key
Caligan (2012) examined the extent to which “the amount of training a civilian pilot needs to fly an airplane solo is a predictor of future performance” (p. 31). One of his research questions

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