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legal research analysis
Questions and Answers of
Legal Research Analysis
6. If I : [a, b] - R is integrable on [a, b], prove that llf(x)1 dx:; (b - a)'/' (l f'(x) dx ) 1/2
7. Suppose that I : [0,1] - [a, b] is integrable on [0,1]. Assume that ef(x)and I/(x)iP are integrable for all 0 < p < 00 (see Exercise 11, p. 406).(a) Prove that efol f(x) dx -::;.11 ef(x) dx and
*8. Let I be continuous on a closed, bounded interval [a, b] and suppose that DRI(x) exists for all x E (a, b).(a) Show that if I(b) < Yo < I(a), then Xo := sup{x E [a, b] : I(x) > yo}satisfies I(xo)
1. Using the method of Example 2.2, prove that the following limits exist.(a) 3 + lin -+ 3 as n -+ 00.(b) 2(1 - lin) -+ 2 as n -+ 00.(c) (5 + n)/n2 -+ ° as n -+ 00.(d) 1r - 3/v'n -+ 1r as n -+ 00.
2. Suppose that Xn is a sequence of real numbers that converges to 1 as n -+ 00.Using Definition 2.1, prove that each of the following limits exists.(a) 1 - Xn -+ ° as n -+ 00.(b) 3xn
3. (a) Prove that {( _1)n} has some subsequences that converge and others that do not converge.
(b) Find a convergent subsequence of n + (_1)3nn .
4. (a) Suppose that ibn} is a sequence of nonnegative numbers that converges to 0, and {Xn} is a real sequence that satisfies IXn - al :s; bn for large n. Prove that Xn converges to a.(b) What
5. Suppose that Xn E R.(a) Prove that {xn} is bounded if and only if there is a C > ° such that IXn I :s; C for all n E N.(b) Suppose that {xn} is bounded. Prove that xnlnk -+ 0, as n -+ 00, for all
6. (a) Suppose that {xn} and {Yn} converge to the same point. Prove that Xn -Yn -+ ° as n -+ 00.(b) Prove that the sequence {n} does not converge.(c) Show that the converse of part (a) is false.
7. (a) Let a be a fixed real number and define Xn := a for n E N. Prove that the"constant" sequence Xn converges.(b) What does {xn} converge to?
8. Suppose that {xn} is a sequence in R. Prove that Xn converges to a if and only if EVERY subsequence of Xn also converges to a.
1. Prove that each of the following sequences converges to zero.(a) Xn = sin((n4 + n + 1)/(n2 + I))/n.
(b) Xn = n/(n2 + 1).
(c) Xn = (ffn + 1)/(n + 1).
(d) Xn = n/2n.
2. Find the limit (if it exists) of each of the following sequences.(a) Xn = (1 + n - 3n2)/(3 - 2n + n2).
(b) Xn = (n3 + n - 5)/(5n3 + n - 1).
(c) Xn = J2n2 - I/(n + 1).
(d) Xn = In + 1 - yin.
3. Prove Theorem 2.12iv.
4. Suppose that x E R, Xn ~ 0, and Xn --+ x as n --+ 00. Prove that .;x;; --+ Vx as n --+ 00. (For the case x = 0 you may wish to use (8) on p. 7.)
5. Prove that given x E R there is a sequence Tn E Q such that Tn --+ X as n --+ 00.
6. Suppose that x and y are extended real numbers and {xn }, {Yn}, and {wn }are real sequences.(a) If Xn --+ x and Yn --+ x, as n --+ 00, and Xn ::; Wn ::; Yn for n E N, prove that Wn --+ x as n --+
7. Using the result in Exercise 4, show the following.(a) Suppose that Xl ~ 0 and Xn+l = V2 + Xn for n EN. If Xn --+ x as n --+ 00, prove that x = 2.(b) Suppose that 0 ::; Xl ::; 1 and X n +! = 1 -
8. Prove Corollary 2.16.
9. Interpret a decimal expansion 0.ala2 ... as Prove that (a) 0.5 = 0.4999 ... and (b) 1 = 0.999 ...[!ill. This exercise was used in Section 1.4.(a) Suppose that 0 ::; Y < IlIOn for some integer n ~
1. Prove that has a convergent subsequence.
2. Suppose that E c R is a nonempty bounded set and sup E ~ E. Prove that there exists a strictly increasing sequence {xn} that converges to sup E such that Xn E E for all n E N.
3. (a) Suppose that {xn} is a monotone increasing sequence in R (not necessarily bounded above). Prove that there is an extended real number x such that Xn -t x as n -t 00.(b) State and prove an
4. Suppose that 0 < Xl < 1 and Xn+l = 1 - v'1 - Xn for n E N. Prove that Xn 10 as n -t 00 and xn+dxn -t 1/2, as n -t 00. (Exercise 4.3 in Apostol [1].)
5. Let 0 < Xl ::; 3 and Xn+l = v'2xn + 3 for n E N. Prove that Xn 13 as n -t 00.
6. Suppose that Xl ~ 2 and Xn+l = 1 + v'Xn - 1 for n E N. Prove that Xn 12 as n -t 00. What happens when 1 ::; Xl < 2?
7. Prove that lim xl /(2n-l) = { ~ n-->oo-1 x < o.X>o X=o
8. Suppose that Xo E Rand Xn = (1 + xn-d/2 for n E N. Prove that Xn -t 1 as n -t 00.
9. Let 0 < Yl < Xl and set Xn +Yn Xn+l = 2 and Yn+l = v'xnYn, nEN.(a) Prove that 0 < Yn < Xn for all n E N.(b) Prove that Yn is increasing and bounded above, and Xn is decreasing and bounded
10. Suppose that Xo = 1, Yo = 0, and Yn = Xn-l + Yn-l for n E N. Prove that x; - 2y; = ±1 for n E Nand Xn In- ---7 V 2 as n ---7 00.Yn
11. [ARCHIMEDES] Suppose that Xo = 2V3, Yo = 3, 2Xn-lYn-l Xn = , Xn-l + Yn-l and Yn = v'XnYn-l for n E N.(a) Prove that Xn 1 X and Yn i y, as n ---7 00, for some x, Y E R.(b) Prove that X = Y and
1. Prove (without using Theorem 2.29) that the sum of two Cauchy sequences is Cauchy.
2. Prove that if {xn} is a sequence that satisfies l+n IXnl ::; 1 + n + 2n2 for all n EN, then {xn} is Cauchy.
3. Suppose that Xn E N for n E N. If {xn} is Cauchy, prove that there are numbers a and N such that Xn = a for all n ~ N.
4. Let {xn} be a sequence ofreal numbers. Suppose that for each e > 0 there is an N E N such that m 2: n 2: N implies I 2:~=n Xk 1
5. Let {xn} be Cauchy. Without using Theorem 2.29, prove that {xn} converges if and only if at least one of its subsequences converges (compare with Exercise 8, p. 38).
6. Prove that limn->oo 2:~=1 (-l)k /k exists and is finite.
7. Let {xn} be a sequence. Suppose that there is an a > 1 such that for all kEN. Prove that Xn ...... x for some x E R.
8. (a) A subset E of R is said to be sequentially compact if and only if every sequence Xn E E has a convergent subsequence whose limit belongs to E.Prove that every closed bounded interval is
9. (a) Let E be a subset of R. A point a E R is called a cluster point of E if En (a - r, a + r) contains infinitely many points for every r > O. Prove that a is a cluster point of E if and only if
1. Find the limit infimum and the limit supremum of each of the following sequences.(a) xn=3-(-1)n.(b) Xn = cos (mrj2).(c) Xn = (_l)n+l + (-l)njn.(d) xn=J1+n2j(2n-5).(e) Xn = Ynjn, where {Yn} is any
2. Suppose that {xn} is a real sequence. Prove that-lim sup Xn = liminf( -xn)n--+oo n--+oo and-liminf Xn = limsup( -xn).n--+oo n--+oo
3. Let {xn} be a real sequence and r E R.(a) Prove that lim sup Xn < r implies Xn < r
4. Suppose that {xn} and {Yn} are real sequences.(a) Prove that lim inf Xn + lim inf Yn ~ lim inf (xn + Yn)n~oo n~oo n~oo~ lim sup Xn + lim inf Yn n--+oo n--+oo n--+oo n--+oo provided that none of
(b) Show that if limn--+oo Xn exists, then liminf(xn + Yn) = lim Xn + lim inf Yn n~oo n~oo n--+oo and limsup(xn + Yn) = lim Xn + limsupYn.n--+oo n--+oo n--+oo n--+oo(c) Show by examples that each of
5. Let {xn} and {Yn} be real sequences.(a) Suppose that Xn ~ 0 and Yn ~ Q for each n E N. Prove that limsup(xnYn) ~ (limsupxn)(limsuPYn), n--+oo n--+oo n--+oo provided that the product on the right
6. Suppose that Xn ~ 0 and Yn ~ 0 for all n E N. Prove that if Xn -t x as n -t 00
7. Prove that lim sup Xn = inf (SUPXk)n--+oo nEN k~n and lim inf Xn = sup (inf Xk)n--+oo nEN k~n
8. Suppose that Xn ::::: 0 for n E N. Under the interpretation 1/0 = 00 and 1/00 = 0, prove that 1. 1 1 1m sup - = -----n--->oo Xn lim infn---> 00 Xn and lim inf ~ = ___ 1 __ _ n--->oo Xn lim
9. Let Xn E R. Prove that Xn -+ 0 as n -+ 00 if and only if lim sup IXn I = O.
How does the Sarbanes-Oxley Act seek to create an ethical organization culture?
An important factor in an individual’s decision whether to become a whistleblower is their sense of duty and loyalty. Imagine a CPA discovers that their supervisor is committing fraud to make the
Do you believe the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers was the “right” decision? Explain the basis for your answer from a whistleblower’s perspective.
Should whistleblowers be allowed to use confidential company documents to expose fraud and other illegality? Use the ruling in Erhart v. BofI Holdings to guide the discussion.
Given the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act to receive an award, what factors should a potential whistleblower consider before blowing the whistle to the SEC on financial wrongdoing from an ethical
Review the facts related to the reporting of financial statement fraud by Tony Menendez at Halliburton. In commenting on his actions, Menendez said one reason for bringing a claim under SOX was to be
Occupational fraud comes in many shapes and sizes. The $12.9 million dollar fraud and kickback scheme at Rite Aid is one such case.In February 2015, Jay Findling, a New Jersey businessman, pleaded
What are the indicators that occupational fraud might exist? Explain.
According to the 2020 Global Study on Occupational Fraud and Abuse, a tip is the most common way to report fraud. What should be the ethical considerations for employees before deciding whether to
On September 8, 2016, Wells Fargo announced it was paying $185 million in fines to Los Angeles city and federal regulators to settle allegations that its employees created millions of fake bank
What is the role of the board of directors in developing an ethical organization culture?
What prompted partners at KPMG to facilitate cheating on internal training exams? In 2018, Timothy Daly, a former lead engagement partner, solicited and received questions and answers to the
Family Games, Inc., is a privately owned company with annual sales from a variety of wholesome electronic games that are designed for use by the entire family. The company sees itself as
Katy Carmichael, CPA, was just promoted to audit manager in the technology sector at a large public accounting firm. She started at the firm six years ago and has worked on a number of the same
Joe Kang is an owner and audit partner of Han, Kang & Lee, LLC. As the audit of Frost Systems was reaching its concluding stages on January 15, 2022, Kang met with Kate Boller, the CFO, to
In the first three months of 2021, Johnson Pharmaceutical’s sales and earnings were declining, placing the company in financial distress. As a result, Johnson had begun the process of borrowing $1
Discuss whether an ethical conflict exists in violation of the AICPA rules in each of the following situations:a. A senior on an audit receives a gift certificate from a client to the most expensive
The audit of KBC Solutions by Carlson and Smith, CPAs, was scheduled to end on February 28, 2019. However, Rick Carlson was uncertain whether it could happen. As the review partner, he had just
Your tax client, Steve Michaels, told you that his former accountant who prepared his annual tax returns made errors that resulted in him suffering more than $100,000 in losses. Apparently, the
Answer each of the following questions from the perspective of an auditors’ liability to a third party. In each case, discuss whether the bank has a legitimate cause of action against the auditor
Distinguish between the legal standards of gross negligence and fraud.
Under what circumstances might an auditor be held legally liable for negligent representation versus a fraudulent misrepresentation based on court rulings discussed in the chapter? Include in your
Nixon and Co., CPAs, issued an unmodified opinion on the 2021 financial statements of Madison Corp. These financial statements were included in Madison’s annual report and Form 10-K filed with the
Explain how the intent requirement of the legal principle of scienter relates to ethical standards of behavior discussed in previous chapters.
Danny Boy, a local CPA who owns a tax practice, is being investigated by the IRS for the preparation of false income tax returns for a client. The IRS alleges that the individual taxpayer/client used
Explain the defenses available to auditors in plaintiff claims of “aiding and abetting” of fraud in violation of Section 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
What is the comparative negligence defense? When can it shield auditors from legal liability for their actions?
Helen Roberts is reviewing two transactions recorded by her client, Biotechnologies (Biotech), as part of her accounting firm’s annual audit of the client for the December 31, 2021, financial
The issue of the size of executive compensation packages is explored in the text. In 2019, Elon Musk at Tesla was the highest paid CEO with combined compensation from all sources (i.e., salary,
A CEO and CFO of a public company filing a quarterly or annual report with the SEC must consider the requirements of Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, the Section 302 certification
“Conscious Capitalism” has become a buzz word for corporate governance in recent times. Explain the concept of conscious capitalism in the context of corporate social responsibilities.
During the past few years, surveys of millennials’ opinions about work have taken front and center in the focus on CSR. In one survey, 86 percent of millennials (those between the ages of 22 and
You are a tax accountant and have just discussed a complex tax matter with your client. The client wants you to adopt a tax position that is favorable to its interests. You are not sure whether the
Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting (ICFR) is an important component in fostering confidence in a company’s financial reporting, and ultimately, trust in our capital markets. Former SEC
A major fraud at Chinese company Luckin Coffee in 2020 has raised questions whether Chinese firms with shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq should be required to undergo the same
Can a CPA auditor be independent without being objective and impartial? Can a CPA auditor be objective and impartial without being independent? Explain your answer in the context of recent rule
Explain the difference between the “realistic possibility of success” tax standard for taking a tax position under SSTS Interpretation No. 101-1 and the “reasonable basis” standard. When
Barbara Houston is a CPA with her own accounting and tax practice. One day an audit client asks her to represent him in a conference with the IRS about his prior years’ tax return. It seems the IRS
Lloyd Schuman, a former senior internal auditor at Verso Corporation, learned about confidential plans that Verso, a publicly traded paper company, was going to acquire a privately held paper
Do you believe that CPAs in business should be held to the same high ethical standards as CPAs in public practice? Why or why not? Include in your discussion how those standards would apply to CPAs
Do you agree with the proposal of the Competitions and Market Authority in the United Kingdom that the Big Four firms should be split operationally so that audit and non audit services are conducted
What can CPA firms do about the relatively high rate of audit deficiencies identified in PCAOB inspections of firm audits?
AU-C 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, specifically identifies red flags the auditor should be on the lookout as for throughout the audit process (from client engagement
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