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statistics informed decisions using data

Questions and Answers of Statistics Informed Decisions Using Data

What is the achieved significance level of ‘family relationships’ and ‘mood’?(a) p < 0.001(b) p = 0.011(c) p = 0.912(d) p < 0.01
If you have a correlation coefficient of 0.5, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 25%(b) 50%(c) 75%(d) None of the above
Someone who runs a correlational analysis says that an effect size of 64% has been found. What value of r did they obtain?(a) +0.8(b) −0.8(c) 0.8, we cannot tell whether the value is positive or
If you have a correlation coefficient of 0.4, how much variance is left unexplained?(a) 16%(b) 40%(c) 84%(d) None of the above
Length of time working at the computer and poor eyesight are negatively correlated.What should we conclude?(a) People with poor eyesight are more likely to spend long hours working at the computer(b)
Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) +1.00 (b) –1.00 (c) +0.7 (d) –0.7 140- 130- 120- 110- 100- 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 MATHEMAT
Look at the following scattergram:Which is the most sensible answer? The variables show a correlation of:(a) –1.0 (b) –0.1 (c) +1.00 (d) +0.1 SISTERAGE 18 16 14- 12 10 8 6 4+ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Of the following, which two variables show the strongest relationship?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘satisfied with life’ and ‘family relationships’(c)
Which correlation is the weakest?(a) ‘family relationships’ and ‘relationship with spouse’(b) ‘family relationships’ and ‘other social relationships’(c) ‘other social
A correlation of −0.5 has been found between height and weight in a group of schoolchildren. How much of the variance in height can be explained by weight, in percentage terms?(a) 5%(b) 50%(c)
A researcher wishes to look at the relationship between motivation and examination performance. However, she has reason to believe that IQ influences both of these variables and decides to obtain
Which cell relates to the scattergram between ‘internal beliefs’ and ‘external beliefs’?(a) d1(b) d2(c) d3(d) d4
The cell c3 relates to:(a) Intrusiveness and internal beliefs(b) Intrusiveness and external beliefs(c) Intrusiveness and symptoms(d) Depression and symptoms
A positive relationship means:(a) An important relationship exists(b) As scores on x rise, scores on y fall(c) As scores on x rise, so do those on y(d) High scores are frequent on x and y
If a correlation coefficient has an associated probability value of 0.02, then:(a) Our hypothesis is obviously true(b) Our results are important(c) There is only a 2% chance that our results are due
SPSSFW prints the following: p = .0000. How should this be reported?(a) p < 0.001(b) p < 0.0001(c) p > 0.001(d) p > 0.0001
The DF for an independent t-test analysis with 20 participants in each condition is:(a) 38(b) 20(c) 40(d) 68
For a paired t-test with 40 participants, the appropriate DF is:(a) 20(b) 39(c) 38(d) none of these
For an independent t-test with 15 participants in each condition, the appropriate DF is:(a) 28(b) 14(c) 30(d) 15
One hundred students were tested on their anxiety before and after an anxiety counselling session. Scores are drawn from a normally distributed population. Which statistical test is the most
The most important assumption to meet when using a t-test is:(a) The variation in scores should be minimal(b) Scores should be drawn from a normally distributed population(c) Conditions should have
The higher the t-value, the more likely it is that the differences between groups are:(a) A result of sampling error(b) Not a result of sampling error(c) Similar to each other(d) None of the above
A t-value of –5 is:(a) Less important than a value of +5(b) More important than a value of +5(c) Equivalent to a value of +5(d) Less significant than a value of +5
The difference between the means of the groups is (correct to one decimal place):(a) 0.41(b) 0.69(c) 0.96(d) 0.76
The variances of the two groups are:(a) Indeterminate(b) Unequal(c) Assumed to be equal(d) Skewed
What can you conclude from the results?(a) There are no statistically significant differences or important differences between the two groups(b) There is a statistically significant difference but it
The effect size for independent groups,d, can be calculated by:(a) (mean 1 − mean 2) ÷ mean SD(b) (mean 1 + mean 2) ÷ mean SD(c) (mean 1 − mean 2) ÷ SEM(d) (mean 1 + mean 2) ÷ SEM
If the 95% confidence limits around the mean difference (in a t-test) are 10.5 − 13.0, we can conclude that, if we repeat the study 100 times, then:(a) Our results will be statistically significant
In an analysis using an unrelated t-test, you find the following result:Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances: F = 0.15 p = 0.58 This shows that the variances of the two groups are:(a)
In the SPSSFW output, if p = 0.000, then you should report this as:(a) p = 0.000(b) p = 0.0001(c) p < 0.001(d) p < 0.0001
In an independent t-test, you would use the ‘equal variances not assumed’ part of the output when Levene’s test is:(a) Above a criterion significance level (e.g. p > 0.05)(b) Below a criterion
For a within-participants design using 20 people, the degrees of freedom are:(a) 20(b) 38(c) 19(d) 40
Levene’s test is:(a) A test of heterogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(b) A test of homogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(c) A test of heterogeneity that does not
Why are ‘all of the p values’ reported as p < 0.001, when the other named variables have been reported with the exact probability values?(a) The researchers could not work out the exact
Which row would the researcher use to interpret the independent t-test results?(a) The equal variances row(b) The unequal variances row
Generalising to the population, what sign would the expected t-value take?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) It could be either positive or negative
The narrower the confidence intervals:(a) The more confidence you can place in your results(b) The less you can rely on your results(c) The greater the chance that your results were due to sampling
Statistical significance:(a) Is directly equivalent to psychological importance(b) Does not necessarily mean that results are psychologically important(c) Depends on sample size(d) Both (b) and (c)
All other things being equal, repeated-measures designs:(a) Have exactly the same power as independent designs(b) Are often less powerful than independent designs(c) Are often more powerful than
All other things being equal:(a) The more sample size increases, the more power decreases(b) The more sample size increases, the more power increases(c) Sample size has no relationship to power(d)
Power is the ability to detect:(a) A statistically significant effect where one exists (c) Both (a) and (b) above(b) A psychologically important effect where one exists (d) Design flaws
Effect size is:(a) The magnitude of the difference between conditions (c) Both of these(b) The strength of a relationship or association (d) Neither of these
Sample means are:(a) Point estimates of sample means(b) Interval estimates of population means(c) Interval estimates of sample means(d) Point estimates of population means
All other things being equal, the more powerful the statistical test:(a) The wider the confidence intervals(b) The more likely the confidence interval will include zero(c) The narrower the confidence
Power can be calculated by a knowledge of:(a) The statistical test, the type of design and the effect size(b) The statistical test, the criterion significance level and the effect size(c) The
A power level of 0.3 means:(a) You have a 30% chance of detecting an effect(b) You have a 49% chance of detecting an effect(c) You have a 70% chance of detecting an effect(d) You have a 0.7% chance
Look at the following output for an independent t-test:Which is the most appropriate answer?We can be 95% confident that:(a) The population mean difference is 27.7 (b) The population mean will fall
A researcher has found a correlation coefficient of r = +0.30, CI(95%) = −0.2 − (+0.7).Which is the most sensible conclusion? We are 95% confident that the population regression line would be:(a)
Look at the following output from a paired t-test analysis:Which is the most sensible answer?(a) The sample mean difference is −0.15, and we are 95% confident that the population mean difference
It is more important to know the power of a study when:(a) The study has large participant numbers and is statistically significant(b) The study has large participant numbers and is not statistically
Relative to large effect sizes, small effect sizes are:(a) Easier to detect(b) Harder to detect(c) As easy to detect(d) As difficult to detect
What are your chances of finding an effect (if one exists) when power = 0.6?(a) 50:50(b) 60:40(c) 40:60(d) 60:60
Confidence intervals around a mean value gives you:(a) A range within which the population mean is likely to fall(b) A range within which the sample mean is likely to fall(c) A point estimate of the
As your statistical test grows more powerful, does your confidence interval become:(a) Wider(b) Narrower(c) It makes no difference
If d = 0.89, then the effect size is said to be:(a) Zero(b) Weak(c) Moderate(d) Strong
When is a knowledge of power more important?(a) When you find an effect(b) When you don’t find an effect(c) It makes no difference
Fisher’s Exact Probability Test is used when:(a) The calculations for χ2 are too difficult(b) You have more than 25% of cells with expected frequencies of less than 5 in a 2 × 2 design(c) You
Cramer’s V is:(a) A victory sign made after performing Cramer’s statistical test(b) A measure of effect based on standardised scores(c) A correlational measure of effect converted from χ2(d) A
How many women were in the Tuesday morning group?(a) 127(b) 43(c) 99(d) 210
Pearson’s χ2 has an associated probability of:(a) < 0.001(b) 0.00004(c) 0.00124(d) None of these
The number of people in this analysis is:(a) 231(b) 170(c) 124(d) 525
290 people are asked which of five types of cola they prefer. Results are as follows:Coca Cola Pepsi Diet Coke Cheapo Pepsi Lite 67 83 77 6 57 What are the expected frequencies for the cells:(a) 57
Look at the following output:χ2 has an associated probability of:(a) 0.00005 (b) 0.00004 (c) 0.00200 (d) 0.00050 Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp, Sig, (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 14,3212 1 .00050
Look at the following table:What is the value of the expected frequencies?(a) 32 (b) 50 (c) 42 (d) 25 observed expected Statistics 72 Child development 31 Psychobiology Cognitive Psychology 15 50
A one-variable χ2 is also called:(a) Goodness-of-fit test(b) χ2 test of independence(c) χ2 4 × 2(d) 2 × 2 χ2
The value of χ2 will always be:(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) High(d) It depends
The Yates’ correction is sometimes used by researchers when:(a) Cell sizes are huge(b) Cell sizes are small(c) They analyse data from 2 × 2 contingency tables(d) Both (b) and (c) above
The χ2 value is:(a) 12.162(b) 21.516(c) 22.305(d) 525
The χ2 value has an exact probability level of:(a) 0.0004(b) 0.05(c) 0.01055(d) 0.00796
The value of Cramer’s V is:(a) 0.05(b) 0.008(c) 0.099(d) 0.010
Look at the following 2 × 2 contingency table, taken from 150 participants:Drink tea Drink coffee Feel terrific 70 50 Feel lousy 30 80 There is something wrong with the above, in that the numbers in
485 people are asked which of five types of bird pictures they prefer to be put on a ‘stop all wars’ campaign. Results are as follows:What are the expected frequencies for the cells?(a) 79 (b) 97
In order to find out the effect size after performing a χ2 analysis, we:(a) convert Cramers V to χ2(b) convert χ2 to Cramers V(c) Square the χ2 value(d) convert χ2 to Fisher’s Z
Look at the following table.This is called a:(a) 2 × 2 contingency table (b) 3 × 2 contingency table (c) 1 × 2 chi square table (d) 2 × 2 chi square table Anxious Dreadful job 210 Wonderful job
The general purpose for which a 2 × 2 χ2 analysis is used is to discover whether:(a) There is a significant association between two categorical variables(b) There is an association between two
If you are performing a 4 × 4 χ2 analysis and find you have broken the assumptions, then you need to:(a) Look at the results for a Fisher’s exact probability test(b) Look to see whether it is
Parametric one-way independent ANOVA is a generalisation of:(a) The paired t-test(b) The independent t-test(c) χ2(d) Pearson’s r
Which is the most appropriate conclusion?(a) There are statistically significant differences between the three groups of students on ENJOYMENT(b) There are important differences between the three
The following is also given with the above printout:What can you conclude from this?(a) The variances of the groups are significantly different from each other (b) The variances of the groups are
Here are the results for the KNOWLEDGE questionnaire, which the students completed after their one-hour lecture:Which is the most sensible conclusion?(a) There are significant differences between the
The F-ratio is a result of:(a) Within-groups variance/between-groups variance(b) Between-groups variance/within-groups variance(c) Between-groups variance × within-groups variance(d) Between-groups
The relationship between the F-ratio and t-value is explained by:(a) t3 = F(b) F2 = t(c) t2 = F(d) f 3 = t
Professor P. Nutt is examining the differences between the scores of three groups of participants. If the groups show homogeneity of variance, this means that the variances for the groups:(a) Are
Differences between groups, which result from our experimental manipulation, are called:(a) Individual differences(b) Treatment effects(c) Experiment error(d) Within-participants effects
Herr Hazelnuss is thinking about whether he should use a related or unrelated design for one of his studies. As usual, there are advantages and disadvantages to both. He has four conditions. If, in a
Individual differences within each group of participants are called:(a) Treatment effects(b) Between-participants error(c) Within-participants error(d) Individual biases
Dr Colin Cashew allots each of 96 participants randomly to one of four conditions.As Colin Cashew is very conscientious, he meticulously inspects his histograms and other descriptive statistics, and
The assumption of sphericity means that:(a) The variances of all the sample groups should be similar(b) The variances of the population difference scores should be the same for any two conditions(c)
If, in an analysis of variance, you obtain a partial eta2 of 0.52, then how much of the variance in scores on the dependent variable can be accounted for by the independent variable?(a) 9%(b) 52%(c)
Calculating how much of the total variance is due to error and the experimental manipulation is called:(a) Calculating the variance(b) Partitioning the variance(c) Producing the variance(d)
The following is output relating to a post-hoc test, after a one-way ANOVA:Which groups differ significantly from each other?(a) Clerical and custodial occupations only (b) Custodial and manager
Look at the following output, which relates to a repeated measures ANOVA with three conditions. Assume sphericity has been violated.Which is the most appropriate statement?The difference between the
Which is the most appropriate answer? The effect size is:(a) 5.7%(b) 57%(c) 0.57%(d) 5%
Which is the most appropriate statement?(a) F(2,12) = 5.62, p = 0.020(b) F(1,6) = 5.62, p = 0.050(c) F(2,12) = 5.62, p = 0.049(d) F(1,6) = 5.62, p = 0.055
Which two conditions show the largest difference?(a) 1 and 2(b) 2 and 3(c) 1 and 4(d) They are identical
Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, the difference between conditions 1 and 2 has a:(a) 5% chance of arising by sampling error(b) 6% chance of arising by sampling error(c) 19% chance of
How would you describe a 2 × 2 × 4 ANOVA?(a) One IV with three conditions(b) One IV with four conditions and one IV with two conditions(c) One IV with four conditions and two IVs with two
ANOVA is useful for:(a) Teasing out the individual effects of factors on an IV(b) Analysing data from research with more than one IV and one DV(c) Analysing correlational data(d) All of the above
What are the various sources of variance in an ANOVA with two between-participants IVs?(a) Variance attributable to the populations(b) Variance attributable to the two IVs and the error(c) Variance
η2 is:(a) A measure of the magnitude of the probability that the effects are due to sampling error(b) A measure of magnitude of effect used with ANOVA(c) A left-wing terrorist organisation(d) Both

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