Questions and Answers of Transportation A Global Supply Chain Perspective

10. Assess the important role that women, people of color, and communities of color have had in the growth of the sport industry.
9. Compare and contrast the ways in which unique “American”culture resulted in sport structures that differed from European models, and discuss how harness racing, professional baseball, and
8. Identify the reasons why American baseball and the Olympic Games have their roots in English culture.
7. Explain how aristocrats in eighteenth-century England, who held thoroughbred races, formed jockey clubs, and allowed the masses to be spectators, can be viewed as precursors to modern sport
6. Estimate the effects of exclusionary practices such as age limits, performance criteria, or geographic/citizenship criteria that teams and leagues impose on their membership.
5. Assess the historic balance in American sport between democratic ideals and race, class, and gender segregation, and describe how, in the context of American society, these limitations were used
4. Appraise the effects that the many “honesty crises” (e.g., the Black Sox scandal and the National Collegiate Athletic Association college basketball gambling scandal of 1951)have had on the
3. Assess the methods that successful sport managers developed in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries that promoted honesty.
2. Evaluate the impact of different cultures on sport and the unique contributions of American management to the development of sport.
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the roots of our modern sport management structures and how most have grown in response to broader social or sport industry changes.
5. Determine the elasticity of demand for the following demand schedule (use the total revenue test to check your answers): Passengers Fare Carried $160 622 150 730 140 782 130 804 Total Revenue Eid
2. Identify the various aviation and aerospace industries and career paths and jobs with firms in those industries
12. Describe globalization as it applies to the airline industry. Why is it so difficult for U.S. carriers to establish hubs outside the United States? Why are bilateral agreements between the United
11. What is an open-sky agreement? Cabotage? What was the purpose of the Commission to Ensure a Strong, Competitive Airline Industry? In 1995, the commission outlined a “Plan of Action” regarding
10. What major event prompted the new U.S. policy on international aviation in the late 1970s? Describe some of the goals enumerated under the U.S. policy statement. Discuss some of the objectives of
4. Discuss some of the reasons for the Chicago Conference of 1944. What was the purpose of this convention? Describe some of the important articles under this convention. What were some of the areas
1. What were the two principal theories regarding the national sovereignty of airspace? Which theory prevailed?
1. Define sovereignty of airspace, and distinguish between the two principal theories held by early international jurists
12. When looking at the global tools available for aircraft finance, what are the eight main options? Describe each.
11. Why is having too much cash on hand almost as bad as not having enough? Why is the financial community concerned about the cash position of the carriers? How much cash should an airline have on
10. In your opinion, does the industry have the financial capability for fleet replacement and expansion in the early 2000s and beyond?
9. Classify the major carriers in terms of their ability to finance their capital needs in the 2000s. What are some of the alternatives for capital-constrained carriers? Summarize several of the
8. In light of the demand for capital funds by the airlines during the 1990s and early 2000s, how does the financial community view the industry as a whole? Why was the financial community generally
6. Define balance sheet, assets, liabilities, and net worth. What is included under the assets portion of an airline’s balance sheet? Under the liabilities portion?
3. Why did the life insurance companies in particular become a major lending source in the early 1970s?What are investment banks? What is the difference between common stocks and preferred stocks?
2. Why have commercial banks traditionally been in the short-term lending market? What is a line of credit?What is an equipment trust? What is its major advantage?
1. Discuss the relationship between profitability and financing capital needs during the 1990s and early 2000s. What is meant by depreciation? By deferred taxes? How does one distinguish between debt
11. Discuss how airlines around the world finance aircraft
10. Discuss the importance of cash management and financial planning
9. State which carriers might have the most difficult time generating funds in the money market in the future
8. Summarize the general financial climate in which the U.S. scheduled airlines find themselves during this decade
7. Define current ratio, long-term debt/equity ratio, and return on investment (ROI)
5. Define balance sheet, and describe the major items appearing under assets and liabilities
2. Define debt financing and equity financing, and discuss the airlines’ primary sources of external funding
8. What is meant by the elimination of the automatic labor cost pass-through? How did labor–management relations change in the 1980s? Give some examples. Why was the period between 1982 and 1985 so
7. What has been the most important effect of deregulation on airline labor relations? What are some of the newer carriers’ advantages over the established lines regarding payment and utilization
6. Describe the labor–management scene before 1958. What happened in the early 1960s to change that scene? What was the result of this situation for the period from 1958 to 1970? What was the
4. What are the steps involved in the collective bargaining process under the RLA? What is the role of the National Mediation Board? Discuss some of the criticisms of the process.
2. In what sense are airline labor unions organized on a craft basis? What significance does this pattern of organization have in airline operations?
1. Labor costs represented what percentage of total airline operating expenses? Why is this significant?“Service industries are labor intensive.” What does that mean?
6. Distinguish between industry-wide bargaining and pattern bargaining
8. What are some of the items included in corporate planning’s recommendations of a fleet plan to top management? Why is top management apprised of developments as the fleet-planning process
7. Give some examples of items to be considered under the following areas in the aircraft evaluation process:design characteristics, physical performance, maintenance needs, acquisition costs, and
6. What is meant by the unconstrained operating plan? What are the basic purpose of and data derived from fleet-planning models? Give several examples of external and internal system constraints.
5. Describe the Fleet Optimization Model. Who benefits from such a model?
4. Describe what is included in each of the four basic inputs (informational needs) to the fleet-planning process. Marketing strategy was referred to as the “how-to” function. What does that
3. What are some of the factors an aircraft manufacturer has to take into consideration during the design and development stage of a new commercial jetliner? What is meant by “designing and
2. What are some of the advantages of fleet commonality? Why has there been a trend toward leasing?Distinguish between an operating and a financial lease. How will noise restrictions affect future
1. Discuss the importance of the fleet-planning process to both short-term and long-term management decision making in an airline. How is this process in a sense betting on the future? What effect
7. Discuss the five areas that must be considered by an individual carrier in evaluating a particular aircraft
6. Define system constraints and constrained operating plan
5. Understand the Fleet Optimization Model
12. What are the main differentiators between a hub-and-spoke system and a point-to-point system? What might the future point-to-point system look like and why?
11. What was meant by dormant authority before deregulation? How did it affect scheduling? What is the purpose of hub-and-spoke scheduling? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of hub-and-spoke
10. What are the three basic in-service equipment assignments? The five out-of-service assignments? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of skip-stop, local service, cross-connection, and nonstop
5. What is the objective of ground handling in the scheduling process? What are some of the facility limitations imposed on schedulers? What is a schedule plotting chart? Why is personnel planning so
4. Flight operations is concerned with a number of operational factors in schedule planning. Discuss three of them. How do crew time limits and employee agreements affect flight scheduling? How does
2. What is the primary purpose of engineering and maintenance and line maintenance with regard to scheduling? Discuss the four maintenance efficiency goals. Name several of the inspection and
6. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of hub-and-spoke scheduling and point-to-point scheduling
4. Describe such unique problems facing schedulers as traffic flow, sensitivity to schedule salability, operational difficulties of adjusting schedules, and the financial leverage of load factors
2. Define and explain maintenance efficiency goals, flight-operations factors in schedule planning, and facility constraints
5. List five major commodities shipped by air. Why do you think they are shipped by air versus surface modes of transportation? Distinguish between general commodity rates and specific commodity
3. Distinguish between integrated carriers, combination carriers, and all-cargo airlines, and give examples of each.Why have the integrated carriers gained a significant market share in recent years?
6. Define the three types of air cargo carriers and give examples of each
12. Describe in your own words the profit-maximization point (use ASMs, RPMs, total revenue, and total cost in your answer). What is meant by marginal cost and marginal revenue? How do we determine
11. Give several examples of direct (variable) expenses and of fixed-overhead expenses. What is the relationship between ASMs and RPMs? Given a fixed fleet of aircraft and other resources in the
10. Define and briefly describe five direct operating expenses. What is meant by maintenance burden? Give an example of depreciation and an example of amortization. What are indirect operating costs?
9. Give an example of an advance purchase requirement, a fare penalty, and peak/off-peak pricing. Why is the decision to use any one, or a combination, of these tactics essentially a decision to
8. What is the primary function of the Airline Tariff Publishing Company (ATPCO)? Why is the application of textbook strategies to airline pricing so difficult? How do introductory fares differ from
4. What does the coefficient of elasticity of demand measure? What is meant by elastic demand? By inelastic demand? What effect will the following changes have on total revenue?a. Fares are reduced
3. What effect will each of the following have on the demand for Airline A’s passenger traffic?a. Competitor B improves its on-time performance.b. Competitor B offers a special promotional fare on
9. Describe the profit-maximizing level of output
4. Define elasticity coefficient, elastic demand, inelastic demand, and determinants of elasticity
7. Could you describe some of the airline best practices in driving customer service and revenue? Do these practices have something in common?
6. What are the basic characteristics of crises in the air transport industry (try to explain the things that crises have in common)? What should airlines do in order to communicate crisis properly
5. What are the principles the airlines should be looking at when they design their social media campaign?
4. Could you mention some examples of airlines driving revenue through social media? What are the principles of driving revenue through social media?
3. What are the main objectives of airlines’ presence on social media?
2. What do airlines focus on when they are cruising on social media? Why could presence on social media become a very difficult experience for some airlines?
1. How would you define social media? How can airlines exercise their presence on social media?
9. Give several examples of airline best practices in driving customer service and revenue
8. Recognize successful crisis communication in the age of connected travelers
7. Give several examples of airline best practices in crisis management through social media
6. Discuss potential of social media for revenue boosting
5. List major aspects of airline social media campaign development
4. Describe objectives of airlines’ presence on social media
3. Explain reasons why airlines are “flying a social media course”
2. Discuss how airlines exercise their presence on social media
1. Define social media
12. Discuss the future of airline passenger marketing. What is meant by “trends” and how do they impact an airline’s ability to market to customers?
11. What are the differences between a CRS/GDS and a PSS? Explain the three systems that comprise a PSS.
10. What are the differences between code sharing and an interactive marketing agreement? What is the primary purpose of the hub-and-spoke system vs. the point-to-point system? Why are such systems
7. Under the consumer-oriented marketing concept of the 1970s and 1980s, market research has played an important role. Why? What is meant by market segments and target marketing? How can an airline
6. Why did the number of travel agencies increase so significantly during the 1980s? What are some advantages to the consumer of using a travel agent? To the airline? What are some disadvantages to
5. What are the basic factors that affect price? What is promotion? Give some examples of how promotion is used to inform, persuade, and remind. What are the three basic types of airline sales
3. How would you define the airline product? How is it different from other products? In what sense do airlines basically sell the same products? What are some unique characteristics of the airline
1. Define marketing. What is meant by the production-oriented period in airline marketing? The sales-oriented period? The consumer-oriented period?
7. Discuss what is meant by trends and how they will impact the future of airline passenger marketing
1. Define marketing, and discuss its importance to carriers in providing air transportation services
5. What are judgmental forecasts? Give several examples of forecasts by expert opinion. What are some of the advantages of using expert opinions or sales force observations? What are poll forecasts,

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