4.52 Drug Testing Some companies are testing prospective employees for drug use, with the intent of improving efficiency and reducing absenteeism, acci- dents, and theft. Opponents claim that this procedure is creating a class of unhirables and that some persons may be placed in this class because the tests themselves are not 100% reliable. Suppose a company uses a test that is 98% accurate-that is, it correctly identifies a person as a drug user or non-user with probability 0.98 and to reduce the chance of error, each job appli- cant is required to take two tests. If the outcomes of the two tests on the same person are independent events, what are the probabilities of these events?

a. A non-user fails both tests.

b. A drug user is detected (i.e., he or she fails at least one test).

c. A drug user passes both tests.