3.45. According to values from the Human Develop ment Report, published by the United Nations (hdr.undp.org), carbon dioxide emissions in 2005 for the 25 nations in the European Union (EU) as of 2005 had a mean of 8.3 and standard deviation of 3.3, in metric tons per capita. All values were below 12, except Luxembourg which had a value of 21.1.

(a) How many standard deviations above the mean was the value for Luxembourg?

(b) Sweden's observation was 5.8. How many standard deviations below the mean was it?

(c) The carbon dioxide emissions were 16.5 for Canada and 20.1 for the U.S. Relative to the distribution for the EU, find and interpret the 2-score for (i) Canada, (ii) the U.S.