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physics
college physics a strategic approach 2nd

Questions and Answers of College Physics A Strategic Approach 2nd

11. In Compton scattering, if the photon is scattered at a 90° angle, in which general direction will the electron recoil? Why?
10. In Compton scattering, how does the maximum wavelength shift for 0.100-nm X-ray photons compare to that of visible-light photons (500-nm wavelength)?
9. The Sun’s energy production (near its center) is initially in the form of X-rays and gamma rays. By the time it reaches the surface, it is mostly in the visible range.Show how Compton scattering
8. A photon undergoes Compton scattering from an electron or a neutron. How does the maximum wavelength shift of the light scattered from a neutron compare to that from an electron? Explain.
7. Light of the same frequency is incident on two materials with different work functions. Discuss how the stopping voltage of the photoelectrons is affected by the work function.
6. During the photoelectric effect, when the incident light is below the threshold frequency of the material, the energy of the light is still absorbed by that material.However, electrons are not
5. Is it possible for a photon of IR radiation to contain more energy than a photon of UV radiation? Explain.
4. It is more dangerous to stand in front of a beam of X-ray radiation at a low intensity than a beam of red light at a much higher intensity. How does the photon model of light explain this apparent
3. Make a graph showing how the wavelength of the most intense radiation component of blackbody radiation varies with the body’s absolute temperature. By what ratio does λmax change
2. As a piece of iron is heated it first begins to glow red, then orange, then yellow, but then, instead of appearing green and then blue as its temperature rises, it appears white. Explain.
1. Some stars appear reddish, and others appear blue.Which of these types would have the higher surface temperature? Explain.
16. Population inversion refers to a state in which there are (a) more electrons in the ground state, (b) more electrons in an excited state, (c) the same number of electrons in the ground and an
15. The two photons involved in a stimulated emission have the same (a) frequency, (b) direction, (c) phase,(d) all of the preceding.
14. Which of the following is not essential for laser action: (a) population inversion, (b) phosphorescence,(c) pumping, or (d) stimulated emission?
13. A hydrogen atom in its second excited state absorbs a photon and makes a transition to a higher excited state.The longest-wavelength photon possible is absorbed. The quantum number of the final
12. A hydrogen atom absorbs radiation when its electron(a) makes a transition to a lower energy level, (b) is excited to a higher energy level, (c) stays in the ground state.
11. In his theory of the hydrogen atom, Bohr postulated the quantization of (a) energy, (b) centripetal acceleration, (c) light, (d) angular momentum.
10. At what photon-scattering angle will the electron receive the least recoil energy in the Compton effect:(a) 20°, (b) 45°, (c) 60°, or (d) 80°?
9. The wavelength shift for Compton scattering is a maximum when the scattering angle is (a) 0°, (b) 45°,(c) 90°, (d) 180°.
8. In the Compton effect, the scattered light (a) always has a longer, (b) always has the same, (c) always has a shorter, or (d) sometimes has a shorter wavelength than the incident light.
7. The work function has what SI units: (a) joules,(b) volts, (c) coulombs, or (d) amperes?
6. In the photoelectric effect, what happens to the stopping voltage when the light frequency is decreased:(a) it increases, (b) it stays the same, or (c) it decreases?
5. In the photoelectric effect, what happens to the stopping voltage when the light intensity is increased:(a) it increases, (b) it stays the same, or (c) it decreases?
4. For the photoelectric effect, classical theory predicts that: (a) no photoemission occurs below a certain frequency, (b) the photocurrent is proportional to the light intensity, (c) the maximum
3. If the frequency of vibration of an atom isf, the atom’s energy can be (a) zero, (b) 0.5hf, (c) hf, (d) 1.5hf.
2. If the absolute temperature of a blackbody radiator is doubled, the total energy emitted by this object increases by a factor of (a) 2, (b) 4, (c) 8, (d) 16.
1. Blackbody A is at a temperature of 3000 K and B is at 6000 K. What can you say about the wavelength at which they radiate the maximum intensity:(a) λ λ max, max, A B =12, (b) λmax,A
39. •• Suppose two black holes meet and “coalesce” into one larger black hole. If they each have the same mass M and Schwarzschild radius RS, express the single black hole’s Schwarzschild
38. •• A black hole has an event horizon radius of 5.00 × 103 m. (a) What is its mass? (b) Determine the gravitational acceleration it produces at 5.01 × 103 m from its center. (c) Determine
37. • In Exercise 35, what would be the escape speed at a distance of two Schwarzschild radii from the center of the “black hole” Sun? Compare your answer to the actual escape speed at a
36. • In Exercise 35, what would be the acceleration due to gravity at a distance of two Schwarzschild radii from the center of the “black hole” Sun? Compare your answer to the actual
35. • If the Sun became a black hole, what would be its average density, assuming it to be a sphere with a radius equal to the Sun’s Schwarzschild radius? Compare your answer to the actual
34. IE ••• The operator of a linear accelerator tells a tour group that it is used to give protons an energy of 600 MeV. (a) This 600 MeV must refer to the proton’s(1) total energy, (2)
33. ••• (a) Using the relativistic expression for total energy E and the magnitude p of the momentum of a particle, show that the two quantities are related by E2 = p2c2 + (mc2)2. (b) Use this
32. IE ••• A particle of mass m, initially moving at speed v, collides head on elastically with an identical particle initially at rest. (a) Do you expect the total mass of the two particles
31. IE •• Phase changes require energy in the form of latent heat (Chapter 11). (a) If 1 kg of ice at 0 °C is converted to water at 0 °C, will the water have (1) more, (2) the same, or (3) less
30. IE •• The Sun’s mass is 1.989 × 1030 kg and it radiates at a rate of 3.827 × 1023 kW. (a) Over time, must the mass of the Sun (1) increase, (2) remain the same, or(3) decrease? (b)
29. •• A proton moving with a constant speed has a total energy 3.5 times its rest energy. What are the proton’s(a) speed, (b) kinetic energy, and (c) momentum?
28. •• A proton is traveling at a speed of 0.55c. What are its(a) total energy, (b) kinetic energy, and (c) momentum?
27. •• (a) How much work (in keV) is required to accelerate an electron from rest to 0.50c? (b) How much kinetic energy would it have at this speed? (c) What would be its momentum?
26. •• An electron has a total energy of 5.6 MeV. What is its (a) kinetic energy and (b) momentum?
25. • To travel to a nearby star, a spaceship travels at 0.99c to take advantage of time dilation. If the ship has a mass of 3.0 × 106 kg, how much work must be done to get it up to speed from
24. • The United States uses approximately 3.0 trillion kWh of electricity annually. If 20% of this electrical energy were supplied by nuclear generating plants, how much nuclear mass would have to
23. • An average home uses about 1.5 × 104 kWh of electricity per year. How much matter would have to be converted to energy (assuming 33% efficiency) to supply energy for 1 year to a city with
22. • How fast must an object travel for its total energy to be (a) 1% more than its rest energy and (b) 99% more than its rest energy?
21. • An electron is accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 2.50 MV. Find the electron’s(a) speed, (b) kinetic energy, and (c) momentum.
20. • An electron travels at a speed of 0.600c. What is its kinetic and total energy?
19. ••• (a) To see that length contraction is negligible at everyday speeds, determine the length contraction(ΔL) of an automobile 5.00 m long when it is traveling at 100 km/h. The diameter of
18. •• Sirius is about 9.0 light-years from Earth. (a) To reach the star by spaceship in 12 years (ship time), how fast must you travel? (b) How long would the trip take according to an
17. •• A student notes that the length of a meter stick held by her professor (who is moving relative to her) is the same as that of her 12-in-long ruler (when oriented parallel to his ruler).
16. •• The distance to Planet X from Earth is 1.00 lightyear.(a) How long does it take a spaceship to reach X, according to the pilot of the spaceship, if the speed of the ship is 0.700c relative
15. •• A pole vaulter at the Relativistic Olympics sprints past you to do a vault at a speed of 0.65c. When he is at rest, his pole is 7.0 m long. (a) What length do you perceive the pole to be
14. •• A cylindrical spaceship of length 35.0 m and diameter 8.35 m is traveling in the direction of its cylindrical axis (length). It passes by the Earth at a relative speed of 2.44 × 108 m/s.
13. •• Alpha Centauri, a star close to our solar system, is about 4.3 light-years away. Suppose a spaceship traveled this distance at a constant speed of 0.90c relative to Earth. (a) How long did
12. •• One of a pair of 25-year-old twins takes a round trip through space while the other twin remains on Earth.The traveling twin moves at a speed of 0.95c for a total of 39 years, according to
11. •• The proper lifetime of a muon is 2.20 μs. If the muon has a lifetime of 34.8 μs according to an observer on Earth, what is the muon’s speed, expressed as a fraction ofc, relative to
10. IE • An astronaut in a spacecraft moves past a field 100 m long (according to a person standing on the field) and parallel to the field’s length at a speed of 0.75c. (a) Will the length of
9. • You fly your 15.0-m-long spaceship at a speed of c/3 relative to your friend. Your velocity is parallel to the ship’s length. (a) How long is your spaceship, as observed by your friend? (b)
8. IE • Your pulse rate is 70 beats/min, and your physics professor in a spacecraft is moving with a speed of 0.85c relative to you. (a) According to your professor, your pulse rate is (1) greater
7. • A spacecraft moves past a student with a relative velocity of 0.90c. If the pilot of the spacecraft observes 10 min to elapse on his watch, how much time has elapsed according to the
6. •• Suppose, in Figure 26.4a, that the distance between events A and B is 1200 m. The observer is stationed exactly in the middle as shown but does not receive the signals simultaneously. Her
5. • Suppose, in Figure 26.4a, that the distance between events A and B is 6000 m. The observer is stationed exactly in the middle as shown; however, she does not receive the signals
4. • Suppose, in Figure 26.4a, that the observer was 600 m to the left of event B, and A and B were separated by 900 m. If she observes that the light flash from B arrives exactly 1.00 μs after
3. • A speedboat can travel with a speed of 50 m/s in still water. If the boat is in a river that has a flow speed of 5.0 m/s, (a) find the maximum and minimum values of the boat’s speed relative
2. • A small airplane has an airspeed (speed with respect to air) of 200 km/h. Find the time for the airplane to travel 1000 km if there is (a) no wind, (b) a headwind of 35 km/h, and (c) a
1. • A person 1.20 km away from you fires a gun. A wind is blowing at 10.0 m/s. How much difference from the “no wind” time of travel is there for the sound to reach you compared to the
19. If you are located at a certain distance above the event horizon of a black hole, you can look straight in a direction tangent to the horizon and see the back of your head. Explain how this is
18. It is known that an enormous black hole exists at the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Our solar system is located near the outer edge of the galaxy, some 30 000 light-years from its center.
17. A puzzle like that in ▼ Figure 26.18 was given to Albert Einstein on his 76th birthday by Eric M.Rogers, a physics professor at Princeton University.The goal is to get the ball into the cup
16. Suppose a meter stick is dropped vertically toward a black hole. Describe what happens to its shape length as it gets close to the event horizon. [Hint: The force of gravity will be a lot
15. If a proton has a kinetic energy of 2 MeV, could the classical expression for kinetic energy be used to compute its speed accurately? What if its kinetic energy is 2000 MeV? Explain.
14. If an electron has a kinetic energy of 2 keV, can the classical expression for kinetic energy be used to compute its speed accurately? What if its kinetic energy was 2 MeV? Explain.
13. An object subject to a large constant net force approaches the speed of light. Is its acceleration constant? Explain.
12. The special theory of relativity places an upper limit on the speed an object can have. Are there similar limits on energy and momentum? Explain.
11. You are standing on the Earth and observe a spacecraft speeding by with your professor on board. (a) If both you and your professor are observing your wristwatch, who is measuring the proper
10. A boy wants to store a 5-m-long pole in a shed that is only 4 m long (it does have both front and rear doors).He claims that if he runs through the shed sufficiently fast, according to an
9. Two identical high-speed rockets pass your (inertial)space station. Their pilots each claim that their rocket is 100 m long. You measure the length of rocket A to be 89 m and that of rocket B to
8. In a gedanken experiment (▼ Figure 26.17), two events that cannot be related by cause and effect occur in the same inertial reference frame O: (1) strobe light A, at the origin of the x-axis,
7. In the gedanken experiment shown in ▶ Figure 26.16, two events in the same inertial reference frame O are related by cause and effect: (1) A gun at the origin fires a bullet along the x-axis at
6. In Question 4, does there exist an inertial reference frame moving along the x-axis whose observer might observe the two events at the same location? If so, what direction would that frame’s
5. In Question 4, does there exist an inertial reference frame moving along the x-axis whose observer might observe the two events as being simultaneous? If so, what direction would that frame’s
4. Events A and B happen on your x-axis. They are separated by 500 m. You observe that A occurs 1.00 μs before B. Could A have caused B? Explain.
3. A person rides an elevator that is moving upward at constant velocity with a package next to her on the elevator floor. How does the free-body diagram of the package as drawn by the person in the
2. A car accelerating from rest forms a noninertial system. Explain the “forces” (and draw the freebody diagram) that the driver uses to explain why a coffee mug on the slippery dashboard might
1. A physicist is riding on a rapidly rotating carousel.Can she apply Newton’s laws of motion to correctly explain the motion of a ball rolling on the carousel’s floor? Explain.
24. Black hole A has three times the mass of black hole B. How do their Schwarzschild radii compare: (a) RS,A = RS,B,(b) RS,A = (1/3)RS,B, (c) RS,A = 3RS,B, or (d) RS,A = 9RS,B?
23. One of the predictions of general relativity is(a) the mass–energy equivalence, (b) time dilation,(c) the twin paradox, (d) the bending of light in a gravitational field.
22. General relativity (a) provides a theoretical basis for explaining the gravitational force, (b) applies only to rotating systems, (c) applies only to inertial systems.
15. In Question 13, how does the speed of the organizers, as measured by the rocket driver, compare with the speed of the rocket as measured by the organizers:(a) the organizers measure a faster
14. In Question 13, which observer(s) (if any) measure the proper time for the rocket to complete the leg:(a) the organizers, (b) the driver of the rocket,(c) both, or (d) neither?
13. A “race rocket” completes one straight leg of a lap in an“outer space” race at a constant speed of 0.9c. The race organizers have carefully laid out this leg to be exactly 0.100
12. An observer sees a friend passing her in a rocket ship that has a uniform velocity of 0.90c. Her friend claims that exactly 10 s have elapsed on his clock. For the same time interval, the
11. An observer sees a friend passing her in a rocket ship that has a uniform velocity of 0.90c. The observer knows her friend to be 1.45 m tall, and he is standing such that his length is
10. Event A occurs before event B according to you. Both occurred on the x-axis of your reference frame. A was at x = +200 m and B at x = +1000 m. Which observer(there might be more than one, or
9. Events A and B occur simultaneously on the x-axis of your reference frame. A occurred at x = +200 m and B at x = +1000 m. Which observer (there might be more than one, or even none) could possibly
8. An object is moving in an inertial reference frame.According to special relativity, what will be the same about the object as measured by an inertial observer moving relative to the object: (a)
7. An object is at rest in an inertial reference frame.According to special relativity, what will be the same about the object as measured by an inertial observer moving relative to the object: (a)
6. According to special relativity, events that are simultaneous in one inertial reference frame are(a) always simultaneous in other inertial reference frames, (b) never simultaneous in other
5. According to classical relativity, an observer traveling at 0.5c (with respect to the ether) toward a source of light (at rest with respect to the ether) will measure what value for the speed of
4. According to classical relativity, all velocities are absolute and measured relative to which reference frame: (a) Earth, (b) Sun, (c) the Milky Way galaxy, or(d) the ether?

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