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physics
college physics a strategic approach 2nd

Questions and Answers of College Physics A Strategic Approach 2nd

31. •• A diffraction grating with 6000 lines/cm is illuminated with a red light from a He–Ne laser (λ = 632.8 nm). How many side maxima are formed in the diffraction pattern, and at what
30. IE •• (a) Only a limited number of maxima can be observed with a diffraction grating. The factor(s) that limit(s) the number of maxima seen is (are) (a) (1) the wavelength, (2) the grating
29. •• A certain crystal gives a deflection angle of 25° for the first-order maximum of monochromatic X-rays with a frequency of 5.0 × 1017 Hz. What is the lattice spacing of the crystal?
28. •• Find the angles of the blue (λ = 420 nm) and red components of the first- and second-order maxima in a pattern produced by a diffraction grating with 7500 lines/cm.
27. IE •• (a) If the wavelength used in a single-slit diffraction experiment increases, will the width of the central maximum (1) increase, (2) remain the same, or (3) decrease? Why? (b) If the
26. IE •• A single slit is illuminated with monochromatic light, and a screen is placed behind the slit to observe the diffraction pattern. (a) If the width of the slit is increased, will the
25. • A venetian blind is essentially a diffraction grating– not for visible light, but for waves with much longer wavelengths. If the spacing between the slats of a blind is 2.5 cm, (a) for what
24. • At what angle will the second-order maximum be seen from a diffraction grating of spacing 1.25 μm when illuminated by light of wavelength 550 nm?
23. • A slit 0.025 mm wide is illuminated with red light(λ = 680 nm). How wide are (a) the central maximum and (b) the side maxima of the diffraction pattern formed on a screen 1.0 m from the slit?
22. • A slit of width 0.20 mm is illuminated with monochromatic light of wavelength 480 nm, and a diffraction pattern is formed on a screen 1.0 m from the slit. (a) What is the width of the central
21. • In a single-slit diffraction pattern using light of wavelength 550 nm, the second-order minimum is measured to be at 0.32°. What is the slit width?
20. • A slit of width 0.15 mm is illuminated with monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm. At what angle will the first minimum occur?
18. IE •• A thin layer of oil (n = 1.50) floats on water.Destructive interference is observed for reflected light of wavelengths 480 and 600 nm, each at a different location. (a) If the order
17. •• A solar cell is designed to have a nonreflective film of a transparent material for a wavelength of 550 nm. (a) Will the thickness of the film depend on the index of refraction of the
16. • A film on a lens with an index of refraction of 1.5 is 1.0 × 10−7 m is thick and is illuminated with white light. The index of refraction of the film is 1.4. (a) The number of waves that
15. ••• Light of two different wavelengths is used in a double-slit experiment. The location of the thirdorder maximum for the first light, yellow-orange light (λ = 600 nm), coincides with the
14. IE ••• (a) If the apparatus for a Young’s double-slit experiment were completely immersed in water, would the spacing of the interference maxima (1) increase,(2) remain the same, or (3)
13. •• When a double-slit setup is illuminated with light of wavelength 632.8 nm, the distance between the center of the central bright position and the second side dark position is 4.5 cm on a
12. •• (a) Derive a relationship that gives the locations of the minima in a Young’s double-slit experiment.What is the distance between adjacent minima?(b) For a third-order minimum (the third
11. IE •• (a) In a double-slit experiment, if the distance from the double slits to the screen is increased, the separation between the adjacent maxima will(1) increase, (2) decrease, (3) remain
10. IE •• Two parallel slits are illuminated with monochromatic light, and an interference pattern is observed on a screen. (a) If the distance between the slits were decreased, would the
9. •• In a double-slit experiment with monochromatic light and a screen at a distance of 1.50 m from the slits, the angle between the second-order maximum and the central maximum is 0.0230 rad.
8. •• In a double-slit experiment using monochromatic light, a screen is placed 1.25 m away from the slits, which have a separation distance of 0.0250 mm. The position of the third-order maximum
7. •• (a) If the wavelength used in a double-slit experiment is decreased, the distance between adjacent maxima will (1) increase, (2) decrease, (3) remain the same. Explain. (b) If the
6. IE •• Monochromatic light passes through two narrow slits and forms an interference pattern on a screen.(a) If the wavelength of light used increases, will the distance between the maxima (1)
5. • In a double-slit experiment that uses monochromatic light, the angular separation between the central maximum and the second-order maximum is 0.160°. What is the wavelength of the light if
4. • When two parallel slits are illuminated with monochromatic light of wavelength 632.8 nm, the angle between the center of the central maximum and the center of the second side maximum is
3. • Two parallel slits 0.075 mm apart are illuminated with monochromatic light of wavelength 480 nm.Find the angle between the center of the central maximum and the center of the first side
2. • In the development of Young’s double-slit experiment, a small-angle approximation (tan θ ≈ sin θ) was used to find the lateral displacements of the maxima(bright) and minima (dark)
1. • To study wave interference, a student uses two speakers driven by the same sound wave of wavelength 0.50 m. If the distances from a point to the speakers differ by 0.75 m, will the waves
15. What color would an astronaut on the Moon see when looking at the sky or into space?
14. Explain why the sky may be red in the morning and evening and blue during the day.
13. If you place a pair of polarizing sunglasses in front of your calculator’s LCD display and rotate them, what would you observe?
12. How does selective absorption produce polarized light?
11. Suppose that you held two polarizing sheets in front of you and looked through both of them. How many times would you see the sheets lighten and darken(a) if one were rotated through one complete
10. Given two pairs of sunglasses, could you tell whether one or both were polarizing?
9. In a diffraction grating, the slits are very closely spaced. What is the advantage of this design?
8. From Equation 24.8, can the m = 2 minimum be seen if w = λ? How about the m = 1 minimum?
7. In our discussion of single-slit diffraction, the length of the slit was assumed to be much greater than the width. What changes would be observed in the diffraction pattern if the length were
6. Most lenses used in cameras are coated with thin films and appear bluish-green when viewed in the reflected light (Figure 24.9a). What wavelengths are refracting through the lens?
5. At the center of a Newton’s ring arrangement(Figure 24.11a), the air wedge has a thickness of zero.Why is this area always dark (Figure 24.11b)?
4. When destructive interference of two waves occurs at a certain location, there is no energy at that location.Is this situation a violation of the law of conservation of energy? Explain.
3. The intensity of the central maximum in the interference pattern of a Young’s double-slit experiment is about four times that of either light wave. Is this a violation of the law of conservation
2. Describe what would happen to the interference pattern in Young’s double-slit experiment if the wavelength of the monochromatic light were to decrease.
1. Discuss how the interference pattern in Young’s double-slit experiment would change if the distance between the double slits decreases.
15. Which of the following colors is scattered the least in the atmosphere: (a) blue, (b) yellow, (c) red, or (d) color makes no difference?
14. Scattering involves (a) the reflection of light off particles, (b) the refraction of light off particles,(c) the absorption and reradiation of light by particles,(d) the interference of light
13. The percentage of unpolarized light that will pass through two polarizing sheets with their transmission axes parallel to each other ideally is (a) 100%, (b) 50%,(c) 25%, (d) 0%.
12. The polarizing (Brewster) angle depends on (a) the indices of refraction of materials, (b) Bragg’s law,(c) internal reflection, (d) interference.
11. Light can be polarized by (a) reflection, (b) refraction,(c) selective absorption, (d) all of the preceding.
10. A sound wave cannot be polarized. This is because sound is (a) a transverse wave, (b) a longitudinal wave,(c) none of the preceding.
9. As the number of lines per unit length of a diffraction grating increases, the spacing between the maxima(a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains unchanged.
8. In a single-slit diffraction pattern, if the wavelength of light decreases, the width of the central maximum will (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) remain the same.
7. In a single-slit diffraction pattern, (a) all maxima have the same width, (b) the central maximum is twice as wide as the side maxima, (c) the side maxima are twice as wide as the central maximum,
6. For a thin film with no < n1 > n2, where n1 is the index of refraction of the film, a film thickness for destructive interference of the reflected light is (a) λ′/4,(b) λ′/2, (c) λ′, (d)
5. For a thin film with no < n1 < n2, where n1 is the index of refraction of the film, the minimum film thickness for destructive interference of the reflected light is(a)λ′/4, (b) λ′/2, (c)
4. When a thin film of kerosene spreads out on water, the thinnest part looks bright. The index of refraction of kerosene is (a) greater than, (b) less than, (c) the same as that of water.
3. When white light is used in Young’s double-slit experiment, many maxima with a spectrum of colors are seen. In a given maximum, the color farthest from the central maximum is (a) red, (b) blue,
2. In a Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light, if the slit spacing d increases, the interference maxima spacing will (a) decrease, (b) increase,(c) remain unchanged, (d)
1. If the path length difference between two identical and coherent beams is 2.5λ when they arrive at a point on a screen, the point will be (a) bright, (b) dark,(c) multicolored, (d) gray.
65. •• An optometrist prescribes a corrective lens with a power of +1.5 D. The lens maker starts with a glass blank that has an index of refraction of 1.6 and a convex front surface whose radius
64. •• A plastic plano-concave lens has a radius of curvature of 50 cm for its concave surface. If the index of refraction of the plastic is 1.35, what is the power of the lens?
63. IE •• A plastic convex meniscus (Figure 23.16) contact lens is made of plastic with an index of refraction of 1.55. The lens has a front radius of 2.50 cm and a back radius of 3.00 cm. (a)
62. • A farsighted senior citizen needs glasses with a focal length of 45 cm. What is the power of the lens?
61. • An optometrist prescribes glasses with a power of−4.0 D for a nearsighted student. What is the focal length of the glass lenses?
60. ••• Two converging lenses L1 and L2 have focal lengths of 30 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The lenses are placed 60 cm apart along the same axis, and an object is placed 50 cm from L1 (110 cm
59. ••• For a lens combination, show that the total magnification Mtotal = M1M2. [Hint: Think about the definition of magnification.]
58. •• The human eye is a complex multiple-lens system.However, it can be approximated to an equivalent single converging lens with an average focal length about 1.7 cm when the eye is relaxed.
57. IE •• A biology student wants to examine a bug at a magnification of +5.00. (a) The lens should be(1) convex, (2) concave, (3) flat. Explain. (b) If the bug is 5.00 cm from the lens, what is
56. •• To correct hyperopia (farsightedness), convex lenses are prescribed. If a senior citizen can read a newspaper only when he holds it no closer than 50 cm away, what focal length of lens
55. •• To correct myopia (nearsightedness), concave lenses are prescribed. If a student can read her physics book only when she holds it no farther than 18 cm away, what focal length of lens
54. •• (a) If a book is held 30 cm from an eyeglass lens with a focal length of −45 cm where is the image of the print formed? (b) If an eyeglass lens with a focal length of +57 cm is used,
52. •• (a) For a convex lens, what is the minimum distance between an object and its image if the image is real?(b) What is the minimum distance if the image is virtual?
51. •• An object is placed 80 cm from a screen. (a) At what point from the object should a converging lens with a focal length of 20 cm be placed so that it will produce a sharp image on the
50. •• An object 5.0 cm tall is 10 cm from a concave lens.The resulting virtual image is one-fifth as large as the object. What is the focal length of the lens and the image distance?
49. •• To photograph a full moon, a photographer uses a single-lens camera with a focal length of 60 mm.What will be the diameter of the Moon’s image on the sensor? (Note: Data about the Moon
48. •• A simple single-lens camera (convex lens) is used to photograph a man 1.7 m tall who is standing 4.0 m from the camera. If the man’s image fills the height of a full frame digital sensor
47. •• (a) For values of do from 0 to ∞, sketch graphs of(1) di versus do and (2) M versus do for a converging lens. (b) Sketch similar graphs for a diverging lens.(Compare to Exercise 35.)
46. •• Using the thin lens equation and the magnification factor, show that for a spherical diverging lens, the image of a real object is always virtual, upright, and reduced.
45. •• A convex lens has a focal length of 0.12 m. Where on the lens axis should an object be placed in order to get(a) a real, magnified image with a magnification of 2.0 and (b) a virtual,
44. •• A convex lens produces a real, inverted image of an object that is magnified 2.5 times when the object is 20 cm from the lens. What are the image distance and the focal length of the lens?
43. •• An object is placed in front of a concave lens whose focal length is −18 cm. Where is the image located and what are its characteristics, if the object distance is (a) 10 cm and (b) 25
42. •• (a) Design the lens in a single-lens slide projector that will form a sharp image on a screen 4.0 m away with the transparent slides 6.0 cm from the lens. (b) If the object on a slide is
41. IE •• An object 4.0 cm tall is in front of a converging lens of focal length 22 cm. The object is 15 cm away from the lens. (a) Use a ray diagram to determine whether the image is (1) real or
40. •• When an object is placed at 2.0 m in front of a diverging lens, a virtual image is formed at 30 cm in front of the lens. What are the focal length of the lens and the lateral magnification
39. • A converging lens with a focal length of 20 cm is used to produce an image on a screen that is 2.0 m from the lens. What are the object distance and the lateral magnification of the image?
38. • An object placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens forms an image 15 cm behind the lens. What are the focal length of the lens and the lateral magnification of the image?
37. • An object is placed 50.0 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 10.0 cm. What are the image distance and the lateral magnification?
36. IE ••• A concave mirror of radius of curvature of 20 cm forms an image of an object that is twice the height of the object. (a) There could be (1) one, (2) two, (3) three object distance(s)
35. ••• For values of do from 0 to ∞, (a) sketch graphs of(1) di versus do and (2) M versus do for a converging mirror.(b) Sketch similar graphs for a diverging mirror.
34. •• A convex mirror is on the exterior of the passenger side of many trucks (see Conceptional Question 8). If the focal length of such a mirror is −40.0 cm, what will be the location and
33. IE •• A pill bottle 3.0 cm tall is placed 12 cm in front of a mirror. A 9.0-cm-tall upright image is formed.(a) The mirror is (1) convex, (2) concave, (3) flat.Explain. (b) What is its radius
32. •• A spherical mirror at an amusement park has a radius of 10 m. If it forms an image that has a lateral magnification of +2.0, what are the object and image distances?
31. •• A 15-cm-long pencil is placed with its eraser on the optic axis of a concave mirror and its point directed upward at a distance of 20 cm in front of the mirror.The radius of curvature of
30. IE •• A dentist uses a spherical mirror that produces an upright image of a tooth that is magnified four times. (a) The mirror is (1) converging, (2) diverging,(3) flat. Explain. (b) What is
29. •• A child looks at a reflective Christmas tree ball ornament that has a diameter of 9.0 cm and sees an image of her face that is half the real size. How far is the child’s face from the
28. •• A concave mirror is constructed so that a man at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror sees his image magnified 2.5 times. What is the radius of curvature of the mirror?
27. IE •• A concave mirror has a magnification of +3.0 for an object placed 50 cm in front of it. (a) The type of image produced is (1) virtual and upright, (2) real and upright, (3) virtual and
26. IE •• The upright image of an object 18 cm in front of a mirror is half the size of the object. (a) The mirror is (1) convex, (2) concave, (3) flat. Explain. (b) What is the focal length of
25. IE •• The image of an object located 30 cm from a mirror is formed on a screen located 20 cm from the mirror.(a) The mirror is (1) convex, (2) concave, (3) flat.Explain. (b) What is the

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