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What two minerals make up most of the sand in the world? What two mineral groups provide most of the ore that society needs? How are ferromagnesian silicates different from nonferromagnesian silicates? If a rock contains mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would melt first as temperature rises? If a rock contains mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would melt last as temperature increases? If a magma contains molten forms of mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would crystallize first as the magma cools? If a magma contains molten forms of mineral A (30% silica) and mineral B (25% silica), which would crystallize last as the magma cools? If high-silica minerals are the last to crystallize, why arent high-silica minerals the last to melt? Which of these is a true statement about silicate minerals? (a) Melting point decreases as silica percentage increases. (b) Melting point increases as silica percentage increases. If a magma contains molten forms of quartz and olivine (a silicate mineral), which crystallizes first as the magma cools? Are high-silica content minerals easier to melt than those with low silica? What mainly determines a rocks initial melting temperature? If a rock contains both quartz and pyroxene (a silicate mineral), which melts first as the rock is heated? Why is halite commonly the last mineral to precipitate from evaporating seawater? Is Earths interior mostly magma? Explain. In which parts of Earths crust (oceanic and/or continental crust) do we find the two common igneous rocks, basalt and granite? Are the Hawaiian Islands made up primarily of igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock? Why does magma composition change as it cools? Is it possible for crystallization to enrich magma in more than just silica? Defend your answer. Where does most magma originate? Where on Earths surface are lava flows most common? Would you expect to find any fossils in limestone? Why or why not? How do chemical sediments produce rock? Name two rock types that form by chemical sedimentation. Relate the shape and sorting of sand particles to the way in which they were most likely transported. What general rock feature does a geologist look for in a sedimentary rock to determine the distance the rock has traveled from its place of origin? What feature of clastic sedimentary rock enables the flow of oil after it has been formed? Which of these rocksgranite, sandstone, limestone, or haliteis the first to weather in a wet (humid) climate? Why? In what two ways does sediment turn into sedimentary rock? In a conglomerate rock, why are pebbles of granite very common and pebbles of limestone relatively uncommon? The temperatures in a fractionating tower at an oil refinery are important, but so are the pressures. Where might the pressure in a fractionating tower be greatest: at the bottom or at the top?... There are five atoms in the methane molecule, CH 4 . One of these five atoms is a carbon atom, which means the molecule is 1/5 100 = 20% carbon. What is the percent carbon in ethane, C 2 H 6 ?... Do heavier hydrocarbons tend to produce more or less carbon dioxide upon combustion than do lighter hydrocarbons? Why? What do these two structures have in common? (a) (b) What are the chemical formulas for the following structures? (b) (a) (c) (d) Remember that carboncarbon single bonds can rotate, whereas carboncarbon double bonds cannot rotate. How many different structures are shown below? Which of the structures shown in the previous question are either the cis- or the trans-isomers of 3-methyl-2-pentene? Circle them. What is the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde? Rank the following hydrocarbons in order of increasing number of hydrogen atoms: 2-Butene (c) Butane (b) Cyclobutane (a) What do phenols and carboxylic acids have in common? Cetyl alcohol, C 16 H 3 4O, is a common ingredient of soaps and shampoos. It was once commonly obtained from whale oil, which is where it gets its name (cetyl is derived from the word cetacean, which... What must be added to a double bond to transform it into an alcohol? Would this be an example of oxidation or reduction? (See Figure 18.20) Oxidation (lonic state becomes more positive) Reduction... Two carbon atoms connected by a single bond can rotate relative to each other. This ability to rotate can give rise to numerous conformations (spatial orientations) of an organic molecule. Is it also... One of the skin-irritating components of poison oak is tetrahydrourushiol: The long, nonpolar hydrocarbon tail embeds itself in a persons oily skin, where the molecule initiates an allergic response.... A common inactive ingredient in products such as sunscreen lotions and shampoo is triethylamine, also known as TEA. What is the chemical structure for this compound? A common inactive ingredient in products such as sunscreen lotions and shampoo is triethanolamine. What is the chemical structure for this tri-alcohol? Benzaldehyde is a fragrant oil. If stored in an uncapped bottle, this compound will slowly transform into benzoic acid along the surface. Is this an oxidation or a reduction? What kind of weathering is imposed on a rock when it is smashed into small pieces? When it is dissolved in acid? Can metamorphic rocks exist on an island of purely volcanic origin? Defend your answer. What patterns of alteration are characteristic of contact metamorphism? What are the two processes by which rock is changed during metamorphism? What properties of slate make it good roofing material? Name two mica minerals that can give a metamorphic rock its foliation. What feature helps distinguish schist and gneiss from quartzite and marble? How does gneiss differ from granite? Why is schist so easily recognized? Which type(s) of rock is (are) made from previously existing rock? Which type does not require high temperature and pressure for its formation? What is the difference between the minerals that make up a rock and the minerals we find in common dietary supplements? Is it possible to supplement our diet by simply eating rocks? We have learned that silica content is a key factor in a minerals melting point. What other two factors can change a rocks melting point? Which type of rock is most sought by petroleum prospectors: igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic? Why? Our dependency on fossil fuels has many repercussionsboth economic and environmental. For example, the 2010 explosion of BPs Gulf of Mexico oil rig is, to date, the largest accidental oil spill in... Can S-waves travel through liquids? Distinguish between continental drift and plate tectonics. What types of soil allow the greatest amount of rainfall to soak in? What is an artesian system, and how is it formed? Describe at least one consequence of over-pumping groundwater. How do stalactites and stalagmites form? Name three erosional features caused by groundwater in carbonate rocks. What is the difference between a cave and a cavern? What is stream gradient, and how does it affect stream velocity? What happens to stream speed when the discharge of a stream increases? How does the shape of a stream channel affect flow? Describe three ways that flowing water erodes a stream channel. What factors are responsible for the formation of a stream valley? Under what conditions do curvy, meandering rivers form along a floodplain? What types of streams and stream valleys do we generally find in high, mountainous regions? Streams transport great quantities of sediment from one place to another. What is the size range of the particles that can be carried by a fast-moving stream? What is a delta? How is a glacier formed? In what two main ways do glaciers flow? Under what conditions does a glacier front advance? How about retreat? What is the most common depositional landform created by glaciers? What erosional features are likely found in an area of alpine glaciation? (See Figure 22.37 a ). Horn Cirques Horn Lateral Tarn moraine Cirques Arte Arte Arte Hanging valleys U-shaped valley Medial... What land features are formed from glacial deposits? How do sand dunes migrate? How are ripple marks formed? As a glacier moves across the land, it loosens and picks up rocks in its pathway. These rocks, embedded at the glaciers base, scrape the underlying bedrock to form striations. To see how this... As wind blows across the land surface, it picks up small particles of sand. You can demonstrate how wind moves sediment: Cover the bottom of a cake pan with a flat layer of cornmeal (about 2 cm... We know that most of Earths water is in the oceans. The remaining 2.8% is Earths freshwater supply. Of this freshwater supply, what percentage is found in the polar ice caps? In groundwater? In... A particular stream widens as it progresses downstream. Using your answers for parts (a) and (b), briefly describe the changes in discharge. (a) If the cross-sectional area of the stream is 1 m 2 and... A pumping well was drilled and completed in a sand aquifer. Before the pump was turned on, the slope of the water table (hydraulic gradient) and the flow rate were measured to be 0.0001 and 1 m 3... The hydraulic head at point A is 209 m. At point B, which is 300 m from point A, the hydraulic head is 210 m. The aquifer is composed of sand with a hydraulic conductivity of 150 m/day. Groundwater... Rank, from greatest to least amounts, the distribution of Earths freshwater: (a) Groundwater, (b) Polar ice caps and glaciers, (c) Streams, rivers, and lakes, (d) Soil moisture. Rank, from greatest to least, these forces of stream channel erosion: (a) Chemical erosion, (b) Abrasion, (c) Hydraulic action. Streams carry sediment as well as water. List the following types of sediments in order of deposition: (a) Boulders and cobbles, (b) Pebbles and gravel, (c) Sand, (d) Clays and mud. A delta is the end of a river. Going from offshore toward the shoreline, rank these according to sediment size: (a) Cobbles, (b) Pebbles, (c) Sand, (d) Clay. Glaciers are like icy rivers that flow downgradient. Rank, from first to last, the stages in glacial flow: (a) Basal sliding, (b) Crevasses, (c) Accumulation and thickening of glacial ice, (d)... What percentage of Earths supply of water is fresh water, and where is most of it located? Where does most rainfall on Earth finally end up before becoming rain again? Evaporation moves water from Earths surface to the atmopshere. Why isnt the water that evaporates from over the oceans salty? Why does the atmosphere have a short residence time whereas glaciers have a very long residence time?
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