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What is a heteroatom? Why do heteroatoms make such a difference in the physical and chemical properties of an organic molecule? Why are low-formula-mass alcohols soluble in water? What distinguishes an alcohol from a phenol? What distinguishes an alcohol from an ether? Which heteroatom is characteristic of an amine? Do amines tend to be acidic, neutral, or basic? Are alkaloids found in nature? What are some examples of alkaloids? Which elements make up the carbonyl group? How are ketones and aldehydes related to each other? How are they different from each other? How are amides and carboxylic acids related to each other? How are they different from each other? From what naturally occurring compound is aspirin prepared? What happens to the double bond of a monomer participating in the formation of an addition polymer? What is released in the formation of a condensation polymer? Why is plastic wrap made of polyvinylidene chloride stickier than plastic wrap made of polyethylene? What is a copolymer? A property of polymers is their glass transition temperature, T g , which is the approximate temperature below which the polymer is hard and rigid, but above which the polymer is soft and flexible.... Rank the following hydrocarbons in order of increasing number of hydrogen atoms: (a) (b) (c) Rank the following organic molecules in order of increasing solubility in water: CI- - (b) (c) (a) What property of carbon allows for the formation of so many different organic molecules? Rank the following molecules in order of the phase they form at room temperature: solid, liquid, gas. a. b. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 c. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 - OH CH H;C- C- Why does the melting point of hydrocarbons increase as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases? Draw all the structural isomers for hydrocarbons having the molecular formula C 6 H 14 . According to Figure 19.3, which has the higher boiling point: gasoline or kerosene? Figure 19.3 - Natural gas COOLER Gasoline Fractionating tower Kerosene Pipe still Diesel Lubricants Crud e oil... An ether is to an alcohol as an ester is to (a) A phenol. (b) A carboxylic acid. (c) An amide. (d) An ether. Why do ethers typically have lower boiling points than alcohols? What is the percent volume of water in 80-proof vodka? The phosphoric acid salt of caffeine has the structure This molecule behaves as an acid in that it can donate a hydrogen ion, created from the hydrogen atom bonded to the positively charged nitrogen... Draw all the structural isomers for amines having the molecular formula C 3 H 9 N. In water, does the following molecule act as an acid, a base, neither, or both? If you saw the label phenylephrine . HCl on a decongestant, would you worry that consuming it would expose you to the strong acid hydrochloric acid? Explain. It H . N. CI- CH3... An amino acid is an organic molecule that contains both an amine group and a carboxyl group. At an acidic pH, which structure is most likely? Explain your answer. (a) N (6) N :Z-I I-Z-I The amino acid lysine is shown below. What functional group must be removed in order to produce cadaverine, as shown in Figure 19.18? Figure 19.18 NH2 * NH, Lysine H,N H,N NH2 NH2 Putrescine... Suggest an explanation why aspirin has a sour taste. What products are formed upon the reaction of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide, NaOH? One of these products is a common food preservative. Can you name it? The disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, also known as EDTA, has a great affinity for lead ions, Pb 2+ . Why? Can you think of any useful applications of this chemistry? Na+ Na + _0 N - ... Would you expect polypropylene to be more dense or less dense than low-density polyethylene? Why? Hydrocarbons release a lot of energy when ignited. Where does this energy come from? The polymer styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR), shown below, is used for making tires as well as bubble gum. Is it an addition polymer or a condensation polymer? SBR Citral and camphor are both 10-carbon odoriferous natural products made from the joining of two isoprene units plus the addition of a carbonyl functional group. Shown below are their chemical... Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by photosynthetic plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the nutrient... The solvent diethyl ether can be mixed with water but only by shaking the two liquids together. After the shaking is stopped, the liquids separate into two layers, much like oil and vinegar. The... Alkaloid salts are not very soluble in the organic solvent diethyl ether. What might happen to the free-base form of caffeine dissolved in diethyl ether if gaseous hydrogen chloride, HCl, were... Go online and look up the total synthesis of the anticancer drug Taxol. With this major accomplishment in mind, discuss the relative merits of specializing in a single area versus becoming an expert... How did density segregation contribute to Earths internal layers? What three sources of heat contributed to the melting and density segregation of early Earth? What is the most abundant element for Earth as a whole? What is the most abundant element in Earths crust? What is the second most abundant element? What does inorganic mean in the definition of a mineral? What physical properties are used to identify minerals? Most mineral samples do not display their crystal forms. Why not? What is a polymorph? What is the difference between a silicate mineral and a nonsilicate mineral? Silicate minerals are subdivided into ferromagnesian silicates and nonferromagnesian silicates. What two factors contribute to this subdivision? What is the most abundant mineral in Earths crust? What is the second most abundant mineral? Describe the process of crystallization. What are two sources from which minerals crystallize? As minerals crystallize in cooling magma, which minerals are the first to crystallize: The minerals with lower amounts of silica or the minerals with higher amounts of silica? When water evaporates from a body of water, what type of sediment is left behind? Name the three major types of rocks and describe the conditions of their origin. What are the most common igneous rocks, and where do they generally occur? What is meant by partial melting? With respect to the silica content of the parent rock, what type of magma does partial melting produce? What is the primary determining factor for a rocks melting/crystallization point? In Earths interior, does temperature increase or decrease with depth? How does weathering produce sediment? Distinguish between weathering and erosion. What is a clastic sedimentary rock? What are the three most common clastic sedimentary rocks? What is the most abundant carbonate rock? How are most carbonate rocks formed? What is metamorphism? What causes it? Distinguish between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rocks. To see how various elements can separate from one another fill an empty large-mouthed jar (for example, a peanut butter jar) with sand, pebbles, coarse gravel, and small styrofoam pellets (perlite).... Rock candy is a great example of crystallization in a supersaturated solution. Dissolve as much sugar as possible in some boiling water, then allow the solution to cool. To form crystals you need a... Look at some crystals of table salt under a microscope or a magnifying glass and observe their generally cubic shapes. Theres no machine at the salt factory specifically designed to give salt... The freezing, then thawing, of three common refrigerator itemsice, butter, and cheesewill help solidify your understanding of partial melting. Step 1. Mix cubes of ice, butter, and cheese together... Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm 3 . A 5-gal pail of water (density of water = 1.0 g/cm 3 ) has a mass of about 18 kg. What is the mass of a 5-gal pail of gold? What are the mass percentages of the oxides MgO, FeO, and SiO 2 in pyroxene, MgFeSi 2 O 6 ? Give your answers in whole numbers. (a) How many kilograms of silica are in 225 kg of pyroxene? (b) If 325... When Earth first formed, its elements were distributed evenly. Rank, from first to last, the episodes that brought about Earths uneven distribution of elements: (a) Gravitational contraction heating,... Mineral hardness depends on chemical bond strength. From hardest to softest, rank the following minerals: (a) Quartz, (b) Diamond, (c) Gold. Rank the magma types in order of increasing (low to high) silica content: (a) Basaltic, (b) Granitic, (c) Andesitic. Each of the following statements describes one or more characteristics of a particular metamorphic rock. Name the rock for each statement, then rank them from low-grade to high-grade. (a) Foliated... Chemical bond strength greatly influences certain physical properties of a mineral. Rank these properties as to how much (from most to least) they are affected by chemical bonding. (a) Color, (b)... Most minerals can be identified by their physical properties. Rank the following properties used for mineral identification from most useful to least useful: (a) Color, (b) Hardness, (c) Streak, (d)... Rank these rock-forming minerals from most abundant to least abundant: (a) Silicates, (b) Carbonates, (c) Sulfates, (d) Phosphates. Different minerals crystallize at different times. Rank the following minerals in their order of crystallization: (a) Quartz, (b) Feldspar, (c) Olivine, (d) Pyroxene. In partial melting, rocks and minerals with a low melting temperature melt more easily. Rank these minerals in order of partial melting: (a) Quartz, (b) Feldspar, (c) Olivine, (d) Pyroxene. Rank the following stages of sedimentary rock formation from first to last: (a) Erosion, (b) Lithification, (c) Weathering, (d) Deposition. Other than location, what is the primary difference between Earths core and Earths crust? Explain. What do we call minerals that have the same combination of elements but a different arrangement of elements? The factors that influence bond strength influence mineral hardness. What are these factors? Why is color not always the best way to identify a mineral? While you are hiking in the wilderness, you find a shiny, glassy-looking mineral. What physical test could you use to determine whether this mineral is a diamond? What makes gold so soft (easily scratched) while quartz and diamond are so much harder? Imagine that we have a liquid with a density of 3.5 g/cm 3 . Knowing that objects of higher density will sink in the liquid, will a piece of quartz sink or float in the liquid? How about a piece of... Is cleavage the same thing as crystal form? Why or why not? For identifying metallic minerals, why is streak more useful than color? How are minerals classified? Silicon is essential for the computer industry in making microchips. Can silicon be mined directly from Earth? Defend your answer.
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