1. Explain why Marx thinks that the worker is often made into a commodity. Why is this a problem?

1. Why does Marx claim that the justification for private property, wages and labor relations were never fully explained? Who should justify them? Why haven't they been justified? Who benefits most from the structure at the time?

1. Explain this quote: "So much does the appropriation of the object appear as estrangement that the more objects the worker produces the less he can possess and the more he falls under the sway of his product, capital"(702).

1. ". . .that in his work, therefore, he does not affirm himself but denies himself, does not feel content but unhappy, does not develop freely his physical and mental energy but mortifies his body and ruins his mind. The worker therefore only feels himself outside his work, and in his work feels outside himself" (703). Explain why Marx views many workers as being alienated from their work.

1. Explain this quote: ". . .in his human functions he no longer feels himself to be anything but an animal. What is animal becomes human and what is human becomes animal"(703). Why does Marx think that workers come to prefer their animal functions to their human functions/working life? In what sense does Marx see this as lessening human dignity?

1. Explain species being and the following quote: "Estranged labor reverses this relationship, so that it is just because man is a conscious being that he makes his life activity, his essential being, a mere means to his existence" (704). Why is the loss of one's species being such a large problem for Marx?

1. Why does Marx claim there's a reciprocal relationship between private property and estranged labor?

1. Explain this quote: "Political economy starts from labor as the real soul of production; yet to labor it gives nothing, and to private property everything. . .political economy has merely formulated the laws of estranged labor"(706-707).

1. Why doesn't Marx think that paying workers more will fix the problem of estranged labor? What will fix it?

1. Explain this quote: "Rather it [mode of production] is a definite form of expressing their life, a definite mode of lifeon their part. As individuals express their life, so they are. What they are, therefore, coincides with the production, both with what they produce and with how they produce. The nature of individuals thus depends on the material conditions determining their production"(708).

1. Explain why Marx thinks that material relations have such a profound impact on social realities. Use this quote to help you: "The various stages of development in the division of labour are just so many different forms of ownership, i.e. the existing stage in the division of labour determines also the relations of individuals to one another with reference to the material, instrument, and product of labour"(709).

1. Describe the three forms of ownership that Marx covers.

1. Explain this quote: "Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life"(711). How does this quote support Marx's position as a materialist?

1. What does Marx thinks has shaped German history? What does he claim most Germans think has shaped German history? Why is he critical of the general view? Why is he so critical of theory in general