Please answer this lab as a formal Lab report with a paragraph for the objective, theory, procedures, results, conclusions, and data. This needs to be answered as a FORMAL LAB report. make sure to provide all answers. If you cannot see please zoom in.

O X Name Section Date Name Section Date Lab 2: Acceleration due to gravity Acceleration (@) -The change in velocity over a given time period (DV/t). Acceleration is a vector quantity. An object is accelerated when its speed changes, when its direction of motion (Note: This lab requires a formal lab report.) changes, or when both speed and direction change. Acceleration is expressed in units such as feet per second squared fter, meters per second squared (m's ) or centimeters per second squared (cm's ). Introduction Acceleration due to gravity (g) -Normally refers to the acceleration of an object that is falling All about you there are objects in motion -from the smallest particles of matter to the immense cosmic toward earth through air that offers no resistance to the fall of the object. The acceleration of a galaxies. Some of these exhibit very complicated motion, while others only simple changes in location freely falling body is constant for anyone place but varies depending upon the geographical with time. Historically, the study of motion was the beginning of science. Prehistoric man must have location. The approximate value for acceleration due to gravity is 32 it's which is equal to 9.8 noted that when he released something from his hands it would fall to the ground, and perhaps even noted m/s . that a stone released from the top of a cliff would hit the distant ground moving much faster than a similar stone dropped a small distance to the ground. Although he did not comprehend or understand the motion, Theory early man was observing the most familiar example of acceleration. Observations and measurements of An object falling freely because of the gravitational force between the object and Earth has an moving bodies by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) resulted in the conclusion that objects near the earth's acceleration that is constant as long as the object is near the earth's surface. As the object falls, its speed surface fall with the same acceleration regardless of their weight. As an object falls freely, its acceleration increases at a uniform rate. Any object that moves in a straight line, with equal changes of speed in equal is always vertically downward and has the same value at all instants. This constant acceleration is called intervals of time, is said to be moving with uniformly accelerated motion. This is the type of motion that the acceleration due to gravity. results from a constant force acting upon an object that is free to move. A freely falling object undergoes constant or uniform acceleration Purpose It is not easy to study the motion of a falling object using only your eyes. With the assistance of photographic and electronic devices, records of the motion of objects can be obtained and analyzed in The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the motion of objects falling under various conditions and detail. Figure 1 is a picture of a ball, falling from rest, photographed at successive intervals of 1/30th of a to determine experimentally the acceleration due to gravity at a given location on earth. second using a strobe light and camera. Interval # Distance Covered Definitions Speed -A scalar quantity that specifies the magnitude (numerical value) of the rate of motion of 20 CC an object. Speed is expressed in such units as feet per second (it/9), meters per second (m's) and 7.70 cm centimeters per second (cm's). You are probably accustomed to thinking of the speed of an automobile in mile per hours (miffy or MPPH). 2 8.75 cm Velocity -A tern often confused with speed because it is a vector quantity whose magnitude is identical with the speed of the object. Velocity refers both to the speed of an object and the 9.80 cm direction of its motion. A car may have a speed correctly expressed as 30 mugs, but to correctly 3 state its velocity, the direction must also be given. For example, the car has a velocity of 30 milly to the northeast. OO 10.85 cm Constant Speed -A state of motion in which there is no change in the distance being traveled luring each time interval. This is also referred to as uniform speed. 5 11.99 cm Constant Velocity -A state of motion in which there is no change in the speed or direction of motion. Can be referred to as uniform velocity. O Instantaneous Speed -The speed of an object at a specific instant of time. Average Speed (v) -The distance traveled divided by the time traveled (dit). Few objects move. Figure 1. Strobe picture of a falling ball with the same speed at all times. When you travel in a car, your speed may vary from zero miles It can easily be seen that as the ball falls, it is increasing in speed. How? From one location of a ball to the per hour to 35 miles per hour or greater. However, upon completing your journey, you will have traveled a known distance as indicated by the odometer on the car (or a road map) and a certain next represents constant time intervals. Although the time interval is the same, the distance from one location to the next is increasing, therefore, the distance per unit time (average speed, v) is also amount of time will have elapsed. The average speed during the trip is the total distance covered increasing. Therefore we know that the object is being accelerated. Only careful measurement and divided by the time elapsed. calculation can determine whether the acceleration is uniform.O X Name Section Date Name Section Date If the changing position of a moving object is recorded at equal time intervals, the average velocity during each interval can easily be calculated. The average velocity is merely equal to the distance traveled during Average change in velocity (cm/'s) = (32 + 31 + 32) /3 = (95 /3) =31.66 = 32 cm/'s a given interval divided by the exact time of the interval. Knowing the time, all that is needed is a measurement of the distance from one location to the next The experimental value for the acceleration is, therefore, a = change in velocity = 32 cm/'s = 960 cme interval of time 1/30 5 Average velocity = distance Time They should have 3 significant figures in all their distance measurements, so they should use the Average velocity can also be expressed as: caliper for distances less than 10 cm, La. 2.54 cm whereas they should use a ruler for distances greater than 10 cm, i.s. 12.4 cm The average velocities should increase, but the change in velocity values should all be about the 2 Same. Use data from figure 1: Materials (You don't need to collect any data. Just you need to analyze V =7.70 cm = 231 cm's 1/30 9 the data and prepare a lab report. Interval Distance Traveled Average Velocity 1. Behr free fall apparatus distance 2. low voltage power supply time clapsed 3. high voltage spark generator - - 1=0 4. electromagnet 7.70 cm 7.70 cm = 231 cm/'s = 1/30 s 2. electrical wires 6. spark recording paper 8.75 cm 8.75 cm - 263 cm's = 92 7. meter stick 1/30 s 8. plumb and string 9.80 cm 9.80 cm = 294 cm/s = V3 1/30 Free-Fall Apparatus -- - 123 The free-fall apparatus as shown in Figure 3 consists of a metal slide which falls "freely", guided by two 10.85 om roda. - 10.85 cm = 326 end's = 74 1/30 s Figure 2. Data of average velocity during 4 consecutive intervals of falling object, shown in Figure 1. Distance fallen in Average Velocity Change in velocity Interval Number 1/30 seconds (cm) (cm's) (cm's) 7.7 231 263 -231 = 32 cm's 8.75 263 294 -263 =31 cm's 3 Figure 3. Clove-up of slide 9.80 294 326 -294 =32 am's 1. Set the Behr free fall apparatus on the floor and attach the low voltage power supply to 10.85 326 the electromagnet on the top of the device.O X Name_ Section Date Name Section Date 2. Tum on the low voltage power supply to 6 volts DC and attach the plumb so it is held up by the electromagnetic 3. Adjust the leveling screws so the plumb is in the center of the vertical wires. This step is Data Table important so the projectile will fall through the two vertical wires that carry the spark 4. Attach the projectile to the electromagnet and attach the high voltage spark generator to the correct terminals. The ground terminal has little insulation around the wire. Point Time of fall Distance of fall Change in Velocity (cm/:) = 3. Set the spark generator on 60 Hz (Hertz - cycles per second) and turn on the spark number from beginning (cm) distance (cm) Change in distance/ time for each interval generator. 1 0.0000 0 6. With one person controlling both the low voltage switch and the spark generator button, press the spark generator button and then immediately close the low voltage switch. The 2 0.0167 0.7 sparking should start and then the projectile will fall. As the slide falls, the spark makes a 3 0.0333 1.8 spot on the waxed paper each one-sixtieth of a second. This results in an excellent record of the fall. The one-sixtieth second intervals are rather short for accurate measurements; 4 0.0500 therefore, a larger time interval of four-sixtieths (one-fifteenth) second will be used, 5 0.066 4. corresponding to every fourth spot 6 0.0833 6.4 7. Remove the spark recording paper from the device and carefully mark each dot on the paper. That is mark then 1, 2, 3, etc. 7 0.1000 8.5 0.116 101 8. With a sharp pencil, place a horizontal line at the center of every fourth dot starting as near as possible to the first dot, as shown in Figure 4. (You will count across four spaces 0.1333 13.5 each time.) 10 0.1500 164 9. Next, use a ruler to measure the first two segments. Then use a meter stick to measure 0.1667 19.6 subsequent segments. Recall that if you are measuring the length of something that is less 22.9 than 10 cm, you need to use a more precise tool than a meter stick. So for your first two 12 0.1833 segments, you should use a vermer caliper. 13 0.2000 26.6 10. Record these measurements in the data table. Be careful to record the distance covered 14 0.2167 30 5 during each interval. Do not use a tape which has gaps caused by insufficient spark or 15 0.2333 34.6 loss of the wax coating; ask for another tape. 16 0.250 39 17 0.2667 43.9 18 0.2833 48.9 Experimental value for Acceleration due to gravity_ Accepted value for Pittsburgh = 980 cm/'s , Percent error= . . . Calculations: 1st segment 2nd segment 1. Plot a graph of distance of fall (y) versus time of fall (t). Find the value of acceleration due to Figure 4. gravity from the best fit line curveX Name Section Date Name_ Section Date 2. Plot a graph of average velocity (Un) versus time of fall (t). Find the value of acceleration due to Data Table gravity from the best fit line curve. 3. Find average of values of acceleration due to gravity calculated from these two graphs. Point Time of fall Distance of fall Change in Velocity (cm/:) = number from beginning (cm distance (cm) Change in distance . Find percentage error using % error = Theoretical value Experimental Value| x 100 9% time for each interval Theoretical Value 0.0000 0 2 0.0167 0.7 3 0.0333 1.8 4 0.0500 3 0.0667 4.6 6 0.0833 6.4 0.1000 8.5 8 0.116 109 0.1333 13.5 10 0.1500 164 11 0.1667 19.6 0.1833 22.9 13 0.2000 26. 14 0.2167 30.5 15 0.2333 34.6 16 0.2500 392 17 0.266 43.9 Figure: Free-fall Setup 18 0.2833 48.9 Experimental value for Acceleration due to gravity Accepted value for Pittsburgh = 980 cm/'s, Percent error= Calculations 1. Plot a graph of distance of fall (y) versus time of fall (t). Find the value of acceleration due to gravity from the best fit line curve