The following measurements were made over a short grass surface on a winter night when no evaporation or condensation occurred: Outgoing longwave radiation from the surface = 365 W m m-2. Incoming longwave radiation from the atmosphere = 295 W m-. Ground heat flux from the soil = 45 W m-. (a) Calculate the apparent (equivalent blackbody) temperature of the surface. (b) Calculate the actual surface temperature if surface emissivity is 0.92. (c) Estimate the sensible heat flux to or from air.