Which social structural interpretation of the racial bias in the medical algorithm is true?

The biased algorithm is based on data in which less money is spent on Black patients even when they are sicker than white patients. The algorithm perpetuates the disparity.

Coders were individually racist and so encoded racism into the algorithm.

Individual doctors were discriminating against Black patients, regardless of the algorithm.

The algorithm wasn't the problem. The problem was the racist way in which doctors applied the algorithm to make medical decisions.