Consider the rotational motion of the Earth as it spins about the axis that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. Find the magnitude and direction of the angular momentum L(vector) associated...

Estimate the angular momentum of a DVD that is playing your favorite video. Assume an angular speed of 1000 rpm. The mass of a DVD is about 15 g. Concerned with the magnitude of the angular momentum,...

A particle of mass 3.0 kg moves with a horizontal velocity of 20 m/s as shown in Figure P9.47.? (a) What is the angular momentum of the particle about an axis that runs through point P and is...

A child of mass 50 kg jumps onto the edge of a merry-go-round of mass 150 kg and radius 2.0 m that is initially at rest as sketched in Figure 9.12. While in the air (during her jump), the child?s...

Halleys comet moves about the Sun in a highly elliptical orbit. At its closest approach, it is a distance of 8.9 10 10 m from the Sun and has a speed of 54 km/s. When it is farthest from the Sun,...

A simple harmonic oscillator takes 15 seconds to undergo 25 complete oscillations. (a) What is the period of the oscillator? (b) What is the frequency of the oscillator?

The period of oscillation for a mass-on-a-spring system is 0.22 s. If m = 3.5 kg, what is the spring constant of the spring?

Consider the mass on a spring in Figure 11.6. If the spring constant is k = 30 N/m and the mass is m = 2.5 kg, what is the period? Figure 11.6 0 Wall x =" alt = "Consider the mass on a spring in...

A simple pendulum oscillates with a period of 3.5 s. What is its length?

A particle attached to a spring with k = 50 N/m is undergoing simple harmonic motion, and its position is described by the equation x = (5.7 m)cos(7.5t), with t measured in seconds. (a) What is the...

An aluminum bar has a length of 2.0 m and a rectangular cross section with sides of 3.5 mm and 6.9 mm. (a) What force is required to stretch the bar 1.2 mm? (b) What is the strain for this value of...

Why can current persist forever in a superconductor with no applied voltage?

You put a 1.5-V battery across a piece of material, and a 100-mA current flows. With a 9-V battery, the current increases to 400 mA. Is the material ohmic or not?

What is the magnitude of the electric force between two electrons separated by a distance of 0.10 nm (approximately the diameter of an atom)?

An electric heater consumes electrical energy at a rate of P 5 250 W when connected to a battery with an emf of 120 V. (a) What is the current in the heater? (b) If you wish to increase the power...

A wire carries a current along the +z direction and experiences a force along -y. If the magnetic field is perpendicular to the wire, what is the direction of B(vecotor)?

You are given a length L of wire and told to form it into a current loop so as to produce the maximum possible emf when the loop is placed in a time-varying magnetic fi eld. You investigate the three...

For an ideal generator, the electrical energy generated equals the work W done in making the shaft rotate. For a real generator, is the electrical energy greater than, equal to, or less than W?...

The human eye is most sensitive to light with a wavelength of about 550 nm. What is this lights frequency?

How many oxygen atoms are in 1.0 g of water?

Find the mass of a molecule of carbon dioxide.

Consider a balloon containing nitrogen molecules at room temperature (20C) and atmospheric pressure. If the balloon has a spherical shape with radius of 20 cm, what is the number of molecules in the...

A balloon having an initial temperature of 20C is heated so that the volume doubles while the pressure is kept fixed. What is the new value of the temperature?

A weather balloon filled with helium gas has a volume of 300 m 3 and pressure 1.4 10 5 Pa at the Earths surface (where the temperature is 293 K). The balloon is then released and moves to a high...

You have a container of an ideal gas at room temperature (20C) and pressure, and you want to use it to store energy in the form of the kinetic energy of the gas. If you want to double the energy in...

The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 6000 K. What is the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Suns atmosphere?

Approximately how long does it take a molecule of nitrogen to diffuse a distance of 1 cm through the atmosphere?

Consider an oxygen molecule as it diffuses in your blood. How far will a typical molecule diffuse in 1 second? Assume the value of D for oxygen in blood is the same as for oxygen in water.

A system takes in 5000 J of heat and does 4000 J of work on its surroundings. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?

The temperature of a sample of dilute argon gas with n = 7.5 moles decreases by 200 K during a thermodynamic process. If 35,000 J of heat are extracted from the gas, what is the work done by the gas...

A gas expands in an isobaric (constant pressure) process, with P = 4.5 10 5 Pa. If the volume changes from 4.5 m 3 to 7.8 m 3 , how much work is done by the gas?

Match the following processes (at left) with the descriptions (at right). (a) Isobaric (i) The volume remains constant. (b) Isothermal (ii) The pressure remains constant. (c) Adiabatic (iii) No heat...

A system is compressed adiabatically, during which time the environment does 3500 J of work on the system. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?

A system undergoes a two-step process as sketched in Figure P16.21. The system first expands at constant pressure from state I to state A and then it is compressed with the pressure again held fixed,...

An engine absorbs 3500 J of heat energy each cycle and expels 1200 J. (a) How much work does it do in one cycle? (b) If it is a reversible heat engine and the hot reservoir is at 750 K, what is the...

Consider a heat engine that operates between thermal reservoirs at 500 K and 250 K. Suppose the engine does 5000 J of work while it expels 1000 J of energy to the cold reservoir. Is this engine...

A reversible heat engine operates between thermal reservoirs at 600 K and 150 K. What is the efficiency of this engine?

Consider a reversible heat engine that employs a hot reservoir at a temperature of 750 K and a cold reservoir at 230 K. (a) What is the entropy change of the hot reservoir during a period in which...

A wire carries 1.5 A. How many electrons pass through the wire in one second?

What voltage does it take to drive 300 mA through a 1.2k resistance?

A 4.5-W flashlight bulb draws 750 mA. (a) At what voltage does it operate? (b) Whats its resistance?

An orifice meter is to be used to measure the flow rate of propyl alcohol at 25C through a PVC plastic pipe, 40 mm OD 3.0 mm wall. The expected range of flow rates is 1.0 m 3 /h to 2.5 m 3 /h....

Compared with her mass and weight on the earth, an astronaut on Venus, where the acceleration of gravity is 8.8 m/s2, has a. Less mass and less weight b. Less mass and the same weight c. Less mass...

The brakes of a 1200-kg car exert a force of 4 kN. How long will it take for them to slow the car to a stop from an initial speed of 24 m/s?

A positive and a negative charge are initially 4 cm apart. When they are moved closer together so that they are now only 1 cm apart, the force between them is a. 4 times smaller than before b. 4...

The suns energy comes from a. nuclear fission b. radioactivity c. the conversion of hydrogen to helium d. the conversion of helium to hydrogen

For each synthesis proposed in Problem 44 that is not likely to give a good yield of ether product, suggest an alternative synthesis beginning with suitable alcohols or haloalkanes that will give a...

Determine the molecular formulas corresponding to each of the following structures. For each structure, calculate the number of degrees of unsaturation from the molecular formula and evaluate whether...

Predict the spin spin splitting that you would expect to observe in the NMR spectra of each compound in Problem 36. (Reminder: Hydrogens attached to oxygen and nitrogen do not normally exhibit spin ...

Give the product of addition to Br 2 to each alkene in Problem 37. Pay attention to stereochemistry. In Problem 37 Give the expected major product from the reaction of each alkene with (i)...

Give the reagents and conditions necessary for each of the following transformations and comment on the thermodynamics of each (a) cyclohexanol cyclohexene; (b) cyclohexene cyclohexanol; (c)...

Predict the 13 C NMR spectra of the compounds in Problem 36, with and without proton decoupling. CH3 CH3 () ,CI CH,CI (a) CH;CH,CH,CH; (b) CH;CHCH3 (d) CH;CHCH,CH3 Br H3 CH3 H,C-CH, () ,CNH, (f)...

The IR spectrum of 1,8-nonadiyne displays a strong, sharp band at 3300 cm -1 . What is the origin of this absorption? Treatment of 1,8-nonadiyne with NaNH 2 , then with D 2 O, leads to the...

Which of the following methods is best suited as a high-yield synthesis of 2-methyl 3-hexyne, CI CI H.. Lindlar's catalyst NANH, liquid NH, (a) (b) 1. Cl,, CCI, 2. NANH,, liquid NH, -Li + (c) (d) Br...

Give the expected major product of the reaction of propyne with each of the following reagents. (a) D 2 , Pd CaCO 3 , Pb(O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 , quinoline; (b) Na, ND 3 ; (c) 1 equivalent HI; (d) 2...

Propose several syntheses of cis-3-heptene, beginning with each of the following molecules. Note in each case whether your proposed route gives the desired compound as a major or minor final product....

Rank the following six molecules in approximate order of decreasing S N 1 reactivity and decreasing S N 2 reactivity. () (b) CI (d) CI (f)

Give the major product(s) of each of the following reactions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) H;C I HO H

The following reaction sequence gives rise to two isomeric products. What are they? Explain the mechanism of their formation. OH 1. Mg 2. D.O `CH3

Dienes may be prepared by elimination reactions of substituted allylic compounds. For example, Propose detailed mechanisms for each of these 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene) syntheses. CH3 CH3 CH3...

Hexadeuteriobenzene, C 6 D 6 , is a very useful solvent for 1 H NMR spectroscopy because it dissolves a wide variety of organic compounds and, being aromatic, is very stable. Suggest a method for the...

2,3-Diphenylcyclopropenone forms an addition product with HBr that exhibits the properties of an ionic salt. Suggest a structure for this product and a reason for its existence as a stable entity....

(a) 3-Phenylpropanoyl chloride, C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 COCl, reacts with AlCl 3 to give a single product with the formula C 9 H 8 O and an 1 H NMR spectrum with signals at = 2.53 (t, J = 8 Hz, 2 H), 3.02...

The 1 H NMR spectrum of the most stable isomer of [14]annulene shows two signals, at = -0.61 (4 H) and 7.88 (10 H) ppm. Two possible structures for [14]annulene are shown here. How do they differ?...

Explain the following reaction and the indicated stereochemical result mechanistically.

Reaction review. Without consulting the Reaction Road Map, suggest a combination of reagent and monosubstituted benzene that would give each of the following compounds. Refer to Table 16-2 for...

Reaction review. The preparation of the following compounds requires more than one step. As in Problem 41, suggest a monosubstituted benzene as starting material and the reagents for all the steps...

Underline the a-carbons and circle the a-hydrogens in each of the following structures. H;C. CH3 (a) CH;CH,CH,CH, (b) CH,CCH(CH,h (c) CH, H,C. CH3 CHO CH, (d) (e) (g) (CH3);CCH (h) (CH3),CCHCH

Write the structures of every enol and enolate ion that can arise from each of the carbonyl compounds illustrated in Problem 32. Data From Problem 32 H;C. CH3 (a) CH;CH,CH,CH3 (b) CH;CCH(CH3)2 () CH3...

Give the product(s) of the following reaction sequences. 1. , * 2. 1. , * 2. (CH),CH.CI 3. ', . CH,Br 3. H., . () CH,CO (b) CH2CHO

Would the use of an enamine instead of an enolate improve the likelihood of successful alkylation of a ketone by a secondary haloalkane?

Treatment of cyclopentane-1,3-dione with iodomethane in the presence of base leads mainly to a mixture of three products. (a) Give a mechanistic description of how these three products are formed....

When 3-methyl-1,3-diphenyl-2-butanone is treated with excess D2O in the presence of catalytic acid, some of its hydrogens are replaced by deuterium. How many? (a) One; (b) Two; (c) Three; (d) Six;...

The 1 H NMR spectrum of 2,4-pentanedione indicates the presence of an enol tautomer of the dione. What is its most likely structure? H;C, c=c=c_ OH OH OH () (b) () (d) CH3

Give the expected products of reaction of butanal with each of the following reagents. (a) LiAlH 4 , (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 O, then H + , H 2 O (b) CH 3 CH 2 MgBr, (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 O, then H + , H 2 O (c) HOCH...

Give the expected products of reaction of 2-pentanone with each of the reagents in Problem 34. Data From Problem 34 (a) LiAlH 4 , (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 O, then H + , H 2 O (b) CH 3 CH 2 MgBr, (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2...

Give the expected product(s) of each of the following reactions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) + excess CH,OH HO-

Rank the group of molecules shown here in decreasing order of boiling point and solubility in water. Explain your answers. CH3 CH,OH

Rank each of the following groups of organic compounds in order of decreasing acidity. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) CH;CH,CO,H, CH;CCH,OH, CH;CH,CH,OH

Reaction review II. Without consulting the Reaction Road Map on p. 915, suggest reagents to convert hexanoic acid into each of the following compounds: (a) 1-hexanol; (b) hexanoic anhydride; (c)...

How would you expect the acidity of acetamide to compare with that of acetic acid? With that of acetone? Which protons in acetamide are the most acidic? Where would you expect acetamide to be...

Propose two possible mechanisms for the following reaction. (Consider the possible sites of protonation in the molecule and the mechanistic consequences of each.) Devise an isotope-labeling...

Suggest structures for the products of each reaction in the following synthetic sequence. 1. H, H* 2. (CH,),C=CHCH,Br 3. H*, H,O 1. O. CH;CI; 2. Zn, CH,COOH 3. KMNO,, NaHCO, H HOCH,CH,OH, H C16H2602...

Propose two possible mechanisms for the following reaction. (Consider the possible sites of protonation in the molecule and the mechanistic consequences of each.) Devise an isotope-labeling...

4- and 5-hydroxy acids can undergo acid-catalyzed intramolecular esterification to produce the corresponding lactone in good yield. Consider the following two examples of lactonization. Divide the...

Select the acid with the highest K a (i.e., lowest pKa). (a) H 3 CCO 2 H (b) (c) (d) (d) Cl 2 CHCO 2 H CO,H I

The acid whose structure is shown in the margin can best be prepared via one of these sequences. Which one? (a) (b) (c) (d) HO,C C(CH3)3

Give the products of the reactions of pentanamide with the reagents given in Problem 39(a, e, f). Repeat for N,N-dimethylpentanamide. Data From Problem39(a, e, f) (a) NaOH, H 2 O, heat; then H + , H...

What reagents would be necessary to carry out the following transformations? (a) Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride pentanoylcyclohexane; (b) 2-butenedioic (maleic) anhydride (Z)-2-butene1,4-diol; (c)...

Give the product(s) of the reaction of butanedioic (succinic) anhydride with each of the reagents in Problem 36. Data From Problem 36 (a) (CH 3 ) 2 CHOH (b) NH 3 (c) (d) LiAlH 4 , (CH3CH 2 ) 2 O;...

Draw the structure of each of the following compounds: (a) -butyrolactone; (b) -valerolactone; (c) -valerolactone; (d) -propiolactam; (e) -methyl-d-valerolactam; (f) N-methyl-g-butyrolactam.

Formulate a mechanism for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3-methylpentanamide shown on p. 948. Data From page 948. Base Hydrolysis of an Amide II.. CH3CH2CH2CNHCH3 II.. > CH3CH2CH2CO:- + CH3NH2 II.....

Show how each of the following molecules might be synthesized by Mannich or Mannich-like reactions. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) N(CH3)2 =0

Give the products of reaction of the following aldehydes with catalytic N-dodecylthiazolium bromide. (a) (CH 3 ) 2 CHCHO; (b) C 6 H 5 CHO; (c) cyclohexanecarbaldehyde; (d) C 6 H 5 CH 2 CHO.

Devise a synthesis of each of the following substituted benzene derivatives, starting from benzene. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Br

Write chemical equations to illustrate all primary reaction steps that can occur between a base such as ethoxide ion and a carbonyl compound such as acetaldehyde. Explain why the carbonyl carbon is...

Propose a synthesis of ketone C, which was central in attempts to synthesize several antitumor agents. Start with aldehyde A, lactone B, and anything else you need. H,C H2C A B C

Two of the following four compounds are more acidic than CH 3 OH (i.e., two of these have K a greater than methanol). Which ones? (a) A and B; (b) B and C; (c) C and D; (d) D and A; (e) D and B....

The following mixed Claisen condensation works best when one of the starting materials is present in large excess. Which of the two starting materials should be present in excess? Why? What side...

Give the products of the following reactions. (a) (b) What are the results of reaction of the substance formed in (b) with each aldehyde in Problem 41, followed by hydrolysis in the presence of HgCl...