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social science
psychology 2e

Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

What do the results of wound healing studies tell us about the impact of negative psychological states on immune function?
Compare the prevalence of depression in people with immune disorders to the prevalence in the general population. How can we explain the observed differences?
How does stress affect responsiveness to vaccinations?
Describe the links between positive emotions and experiences on immune function.
Describe the links between negative emotions and immune function.
How do the immune effects of acute stress differ from those of chronic stress?
How can our understanding of memory help improve revision techniques and memory performance?
From your understanding of memory, discuss five techniques that can be used when giving information in consultations.
What are (a) short-term and (b) long-term memory? What characteristics do they possess?
Describe modelling and imitation and the three characteristics that make it more likely children will imitate someone’s behaviour.
Describe operant conditioning. What are the most effective forms of reinforcement?
What is classical conditioning? How can it be used to create a placebo effect?
Discuss two biases of attention and their implications for clinical practice.
Discuss the conditions under which people can multitask. What are the implications of these for clinical practice?
How do we learn skills? Outline the three stages involved in learning skills.
What is a perceptual set? Discuss the evidence for three factors that influence our perceptual set.
Describe the characteristics of situations that make it more likely that people will help others.
Why is the cue-arousal theory likely to be a better explanation of aggression than the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
What is a stereotype? What is the link between stereotypes and prejudice?
How well does the proverb ‘Many hands make light work’ apply to medical decision making? Discuss with reference to the concepts of conformity and groupthink.
What is meant by the term ‘sick role’? What does it mean to say that doctors are ‘gatekeepers’of the sick role?
What is meant by the ‘fundamental attribution error’? Give two health-related examples of this phenomenon.
How can perceived discrepancies between people’s actual and ideal selves prompt behaviour change? Give one healthy example and one unhealthy example.
How does the clothing doctors wear affect people’s perceptions of them? Why is this the case?
Outline the characteristics of messages and messengers that will increase the likelihood that people will respond to them in positive ways.
What is meant by the term ‘cognitive dissonance’? How can it be used to encourage healthy behaviour?
What factors need to be considered during consultations with older people?
Summarise the major changes in cognitive capacity observed in old age.
What is meant by the compression of morbidity? How does this affect the number of medical consultations with older people?
Adolescents are supposed to have adult-like capacities for risk assessment, so why are they more likely to take risks?
How is ‘theory of mind’ important for medical consultations with young children?
Describe the central features of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
What should practitioners do to promote effective practitioner–child communication?
How does the interactionist approach to language learning differ from the nativist (LAD)approach?
Describe the link between breastfeeding and intelligence.
Why is infant–adult attachment important for children’s development?
Outline the key features of epilepsy and narcolepsy. Describe how neurotransmitters are involved in these disorders of consciousness.
Describe how sleep deprivation may affect healthcare professionals’ competence.
Describe the effects of sleep deprivation and dream deprivation.
Why do we sleep? Why do we sleep when we do?
Discuss the accuracy of this statement: ‘When a person is asleep her/his body and brain are at rest’.
Describe the action of the brain regions involved in the control of voluntary movement.
Outline the functions of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.
How are action potentials conducted within and between neurons?
Describe the organisation of the nervous system (i.e. central, peripheral, autonomic, somatosensory) and the functions of each division.
Describe some of the main ethical arguments for and against euthanasia.
What are the different types of euthanasia and what type of euthanasia is assisted suicide?
What are the common symptoms of bereavement?
Describe the processes of normal bereavement and pathological grief.
Outline Kübler-Ross’s stages of dying. Discuss how accurate and how useful these are in clinical practice.
What are the reasons why healthcare professionals can find it difficult to ‘diagnose’death and discuss this prognosis with terminally ill people?
What challenges does terminal illness raise for individuals?
What is narrative-based medicine and how can it improve clinical care?
Describe one psychological intervention for people with chronic illness and discuss the evidence for its effectiveness.
Outline the common emotional responses to chronic illness and discuss how these may affect health.
Describe how you might use one model of health behaviour to help someone give up smoking.
Compare and contrast two models of health behaviour change.
Outline PRIME Theory. How might it be used to promote health behaviour change?
Outline the Transtheoretical Model. How effective is it for behaviour change?
What is locus of control? How might it be relevant to clinical practice?
Outline the Theory of Planned Behaviour. How effective is it for behaviour change?
Outline the Health Belief Model. How effective is it for behaviour change?
What is the expectancy-value principle? How is this relevant to health behaviour change?
What biological, psychological, social, and societal factors influence health behaviours?
What are health behaviours and how can they been categorised?
Describe a self-management intervention based on the self-regulation model.
Describe the five main dimensions of illness representations.
Outline three different explanations for why placebo and nocebo effects might occur.
What is a nocebo effect? What is the evidence it affects symptom perception?
What is a placebo effect? What factors affect how strong it is?
What is the communal coping model of pain? What implications does it have for treatment?
Outline the Gate Theory of pain and discuss how it has extended our understanding of the interplay between psychological and physical factors.
What is the difference between a person’s pain threshold and pain tolerance? Briefly outline the role of psychological factors in both.
Discuss the role of two psychological factors in the perception of physical symptoms.
What is a symptom? How accurate are people at detecting changes in physiological states (e.g. blood pressure)?
Describe two types of stress management interventions and briefly discuss the evidence that they are effective.
What is stress burnout and how does it affect healthcare professionals?
Outline the evidence that social support affects health.
Define ‘coping’ and describe two different ways in which coping strategies have been classified.
Discuss four factors that moderate the effect of stress on health.
Outline the vulnerability-stress explanation of how stress influences health.
What factors are important in the variation in how we respond physiologically to stress?
Describe the physiological responses to stress.
Outline the different elements of the interactional model of stress.
How is stress defined in psychology?
What emotional dispositions have been associated with health?
Distinguish the various pathways through which emotion may influence health.
Outline the two-factor model of positive and negative affect.
How might the expression of emotion affect health?
Outline the effect of positive and negative emotions on health.
Discuss how the different components of emotion might interact to determine our emotional experience.
What are the six basic emotions that are expressed similarly across different cultures?
Describe the main components of emotion.
Outline and evaluate three different theories of motivation.
Describe motivation and give examples of different types of motives.
Explain what is meant by ‘intersectionality’ and why it is an important influence on health outcomes.
Compare and contrast the biomedical and biopsychosocial approaches to medicine.
Describe the biopsychosocial approach to medicine and outline the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.
Describe the biomedical approach to medicine and outline the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.
What is dualism? How has it influenced medicine?

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