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social science
psychology 2e

Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

Describe behavior therapy, especially the history of systematic desensitization, and show its connection to behaviorist principles?
Explain why humanistic psychology was called the “third force” in psychology?
Describe the development of the concept of self-actualization in the work of Maslow and how it fit into the philosophy of humanistic psychology?
Describe the essence of the client-centered therapy, developed by Rogers, showing how the therapeutic atmosphere is crucial for personal growth of the client?
Evaluate the influence and current status of humanistic psychology?
Describe the impact of the text by Viteles on the development of industrial/organizational psychology?
Describe the Hawthorne experiments, and critically analyze them?
Describe examples of cognitive research that occurred during the era of neobehaviorism, especially the work of Europeans unaffected by behaviorism, Sir Frederick Bartlett and Jean Piaget?
Describe the factors within psychology and in fields external to psychology that influenced the development of cognitive psychology?
Critically examine the question of whether a “cognitive revolution” occurred in psychology
Describe some of the landmark research (e.g., STM capacity) that established cognitive?psychology?
Describe the influence of Neisser’s first book on cognitive psychology and compare its emphasis with that of Neisser’s second book, which advocated ecological validity?
Describe the contributions of Karl Lashley and Donald Hebb to the study of the relationship between brain and behavior?
Describe the contributions of James and Eleanor Gibson to the study of perceptual psychology?
Describe the contributions of Leon Festinger and Stanley Milgram to the study of social psychology?
Describe the contributions of Henry Murray and Gordon Allport to the study of the psychology of personality?
Describe the uneasy relationship between two broad categories of psychologist: researchers and practitioners?
Describe the indicators of increased diversity in modern psychology?
Summarize five current trends in psychology, and show how their understanding requires knowing some history?
Understand why it can be argued that psychology is many disciplines, not just one?
Understand the role of history as a unifying force in psychology?
=+o a reference list (citations should be made in text, in APA format).
=+o recommendations for how the council should test the success of its intervention
=+o recommendations for steps that the council should take to reduce energy use among students
=+an evaluation of different approaches to intervention – which is most likely to be effective? In particular, what should be involved in a potential intervention for a student sample?
=+o theoretical accounts that have dealt with energy-saving behaviour and the barriers to energysaving behaviour
=+6. Now, write a brief summary of a report you would provide to the council. This should fit on two sides of an A4 page. Your report summary should include:o a title
=+5. Decide exactly what you plan to do and why.
=+4. Think about other features of the intervention. For example, if the intervention involves recommending that students switch off lights and so on, what is the reason for them to do so? Will an
=+about these issues, consider carefully what students are able to do to reduce the amount of energy they use. It may be useful to find a list of behaviours that are recommended to reduce energy use
=+concerns and behaviours likely to be different from previously tested samples? Would the interventions you have found be relevant to students, or could they be modified to apply to students? In
=+3. Crucially, who were the targets (that is, participants) of the interventions? Note again that you have been asked to design an intervention to apply to university students. In what ways are
=+ How did the researchers measure the success of the interventions?
=+2. Read the articles and take some notes about the nature of the interventions. For example, what theories did the researchers draw upon? What was involved in the interventions? Were the
=+1. Conduct an online search using a database such as Google Scholar to find at least three energy use interventions that have been designed in the past ten years. What search terms would you use?
=+4. Describe and critically evaluate the research supporting social dominance theory.
=+3. Based on theory and research on how people deal with social dilemmas, explain why people often punish others for their defection, even at personal risk to the self.
=+2. Are people ever completely altruistic? Discuss with reference to social psychological theory and research on prosocial, helping and altruistic behaviour.
=+1. Critically evaluate social psychological theory and research on bystander intervention.
=+3. Search for ‘skyscrapers economic crisis’ online to find interesting material on the correlation between highrise building developments and subsequent crashes
=+take a look at the paper by Pickett and Wilkinson(2015) where, in correlational research, several criteria are assessed together to provide support for the hypothesis that income equality causes
=+ How might you do this in experiments? Also,
=+2. There is remarkably little experimental evidence that inequality causes reductions in wellbeing. The evidence cited by Wilkinson and Pickett (2010) is overwhelmingly correlational. What barriers
=+pessimistic, arguing that only catatrophes such as wars and inequality can reverse long-term increases in inequality. Based on what you have read in this chapter (much of Chapter 12 is also
=+1. History shows that levels of inequality peak and then fall again. So although we have seen that inequality may set up a vicious cycle and perpetuate itself, there mst be some conditions that
=+kind of firm evidence that emotional impact matters that we would normally require to accept a scientific hypothesis. What ethical implications does this have for the conduct of just world studies?
=+this affects victim derogation and other forms of just world defence. Also, no study to our knowledge has even correlated the extent of emotional arousal with just world defences. So, we do not
=+2. Although Lerner (1998) distinguishes between lowimpact and high-impact studies, which elicit moderate or high levels of psychological distress, there has not been a study that systematically
=+ What ethical safeguards should researchers build in to such studies? You might want to reread the section on ethics in Chapter 1.
=+1. What other ethical considerations are important in determining whether these studies are ethically warranted?
=+Szuster & Winiewski, 2013). Why do you think this is the case? (Hint: think about how many people could possibly intervene online vs. offline.) How might it be possible to encourage people to
=+4. Advances in communication technology have given rise to ‘cyberbullying’ – the act of engaging in intentional aggression online. Research suggests that people are less likely to intervene
=+have been a ploy to deflect attention away from the inconvenient ambiguity raised by the other murder and Moseley’s confession. Take some time to read this interesting article which raises
=+which a man was already being held at the time. The confession was ignored and the man served several years in prison before eventually being exonerated.The fixation on the (in)action of bystanders
=+3. Kassin (2017) provides a fascinating account of other events surrounding the Kitty Genovese case that have largely escaped public knowledge. For example, during questioning, Genovese’s
=+2. Read the article by Harari, Harari and White (1985). We invite you to reflect on the ethics of this experiment, based on the ethical principles discussed in Chapter 1.
=+ results than have been obtained in the article you have just read, for example? Find and read an article and try it for yourself. It may also help you find studies and theories in the literature
=+. Entertaining an opposite view to many of the claims you encounter helps you think critically and creatively about the limits of an idea. Are there situations in which you could obtain completely
=+cyberbullying by researchers. It is also important to note that although bullying research is primarily concerned with children, it can also occur in adulthood. In particular, there is a body of
=+ It is important to consider that bullying can take many different forms and in an age where children conduct much of their social lives online, cyberbullying is an important and growing area of
=+Are the characteristics of bully and victim the same in both cases? Are the consequences the same for bully and victim?
=+ A recent meta-analysis found that like bullying, being a victim of cyberbullying is associated with suicidal thinking and stress (Kowalski, Giumetti, Schroeder & Lattanner, 2014). Whilst
=+. Finally, most of the research on bullying has been concerned with bullying in schools. However, in recent years there has been growing concern about cyberbullying – bullying via electronic
=+o recommendations for how the school should test the success of its intervention o a reference list (citations should be made in text, in APA format).
=+o a definition of bullying and a summary of its consequences for school children o major theoretical accounts of bullying o an evaluation of different approaches to intervention – which is most
=+» Now, write a brief summary of the report you would provide for the school. This should fit on two sides of an A4 page. Your report summary should include:o a title
=+Finally, restrict the search you did in exercise 1 above to the past two years, to find a new bullying intervention. This will help give you some idea of the ‘state of the art’ in the field.
=+Note that some interventions do not affect actual rates of bullying behaviour, and may not be designed to do so: instead, some bullying interventions target attitudes to bullying.»
=+Which type of intervention seems to be most effective? What outcomes are most likely to be affected by bullying interventions?
=+in one or two paragraphs. Notably, how effective generally do bullying interventions seem to be?
=+Write down the full citation of the review paper you have found, and summarize its key conclusions
=+ Find at least one review article published within the past ten years on bullying interventions.
=+and methods for testing the effectiveness of interventions. Thus, they provide you with an excellent overview of the research literature and also help you find empirical articles that may have
=+3. In addition to original empirical papers, meta-analyses and other reviews of the literature (literature reviews that do not include a meta-analysis are sometimes called qualitative reviews) are
=+» How was the effectiveness of the manipulation tested? What outcomes were assessed, how, and with what results?
=+relate to the underlying theoretical assumption?
=+ How thoroughly described are they and how do they
=+» What are the key features of each intervention?
=+What theoretical assumptions does each article make about the causes of bullying?
=+» Interventions are informed by a theoretical understanding of the causes of the problem.
=+Write a paragraph on each aspect of each paper:
=+2. There are many such interventions, and articles outlining and testing interventions will be available to you for free through your institution’s library or on publicly accessible websites.
=+This gives you some idea of how influential and widely applied the intervention has been, although newer papers will have been cited less often. Good search terms would include ‘bullying’
=+cited in academic and other sources (this information is provided by most databases along with the title and abstract).
=+1. Search online using a database such as Google Scholar to find at least three anti-bullying interventions designed in the past 20 years. Note the full citations in APA format. Also note how often
=+3. Evaluate theory and research findings suggesting that men are more aggressive in interpersonal and intergroup relations.
=+. How does consumption of violent media material, such as violent video games, contribute to real-life aggression?
=+. Evaluate the claim that aggression can be reduced by means of catharsis.
=+it could be explained in the same way as Brownmiller explains rape, that is, it serves to keep women in their place generally (not just its direct victims)?
=+2. Using an Internet search engine, find research on‘domestic violence’ or ‘partner violence’. Do you think
=+ And do you think keeping women in their place in this way is something that men do ‘consciously’? Can you find research in this textbook or on the Internet to support your view?
=+1. Brownmiller’s claim is often attacked as either implausible or too vague to be tested scientifically.What is wrong with it? Take a careful look, for example, at some of the key words –
=+all ethical constraints, and then to think about how you could capture the essence of that measure in an ethically acceptable way – one in which participants are not at risk of harm.
=+3. Propose a measure of aggression, suitable for use in a laboratory, that is ethically acceptable but has not been used in a study before. It might help you to think of how you would measure
=+2. Find an example of an experiment cited in this chapter that uses measures of angry feelings and/or physiological arousal.
=+1. Using a search engine or database, find an example of an article that reports experiments using each of these dependent variables in the study of aggression: electric shocks, loud noises and
=+ What are the similarities and differences?
=+4. There are many other drugs besides alcohol that are readily available. Conduct a literature search on links between other drugs and aggression.
=+3. See if you can find articles examining whether these campaigns do backfire. How do your intuitions compare with the results of these studies? Also, how similar were the studies reported to your
=+2. In a few sentences, outline an experiment designed to test your idea.

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