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social science
psychology 2e

Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

What were the alternatives to Freudian psychoanalysis proposed by (a) Alfred Adler and (b) Carl Jung?
What were Anna Freud’s contributions to her father’s theories?
Describe the evolution of Freud’s theory after World War I.
Describe Freud’s seduction hypothesis and what happened to it.
Freud’s deterministic beliefs are evident in his dream theory and in his description of “Freudian slips.” Explain.
Describe the methods used by Freud to probe the unconscious.
Describe the traditional version of the Anna O. case, what really happened, and what Freud learned from the case(or thought he learned).
How were Freud’s ideas influenced by (a) 19th-century materialist thought and (b) Darwinian theory?
Describe the two main components of the so-called Freudian myth. What role did Freud play in perpetuating the myth?
What was the theory of hypnotism developed by the Nancy school, and why did Charcot consider the theory dangerous?Which approach prevailed?
Describe the origins of the term hypnotism.
What was the theory behind “mesmerism”? Why did the treatment sometimes “work”?
Describe the contribution of Emil Kraepelin to the classification of mental disorders.
As crusaders for mental health reform, describe the work of (a) Dorothea Dix and (b) Clifford Beers.
Describe the Kirkbride plan for asylums, and explain how various aspects of the design were assumed to help the mentally ill.
Describe what it might be like to be a patient of Benjamin Rush.
Describe the practice of “moral treatment” as it appeared in the work of Pinel and Tuke.
Explain how Pinel was influenced by the general ideals of the Enlightenment.
In his book on the history of cognitive psychology, Baars concluded, “we are all behaviorists.” Explain.
Describe the work of the Brelands and the significance of their 1961 paper on the “misbehavior of organisms.”
Write a brief essay that connects these concepts: technological ideal, Project Pigeon.
Describe the danger that Skinner saw with explanatory fictions. Use an example.
What did Skinner mean by an experimental analysis of behavior?
What is the distinction between Type S conditioning and Type R conditioning?
How did Skinner’s approach to science differ from Hull’s and Tolman’s?
Describe the influence of Sir Francis Bacon on B. F.Skinner’s ideas.
Explain why Hull was a leading figure in American psychology in the ’40s and ’50s and virtually forgotten today.
What was the importance of reaction potential to Hull’s theory, and what was the significance of the relationship between drive and habit strength being multiplicative rather then additive?
Describe Hull’s postulate 4.
Describe how research is conducted using a hypothetico-deductive approach.
Describe Hull’s doctoral dissertation on concept learning, and show how it connected with his subsequent theory of learning.
Describe Tolman’s place learning experiment, and explain its significance.
Describe Tolman’s research on cognitive maps, and show how it fits into his theory of learning.
Describe Tolman’s latent learning study and explain what Tolman thought it demonstrated about the role of reinforcement in maze learning.
Define intervening variable, and use examples to show how the concept was used by (a) Tolman and (b) Hull.
Describe the influence of (a) gestalt psychology and (b)Edwin Holt on Tolman’s theory of learning.
Describe the Guthrie and Horton (1946) study, and explain how Guthrie thought it supported his theory.
Of all the learning theories considered in this chapter, Guthrie’s is the most parsimonious. Explain.
There was a degree of consensus among neobehaviorists on two important issues issues. Describe them.
Give an example to show that you know what is meant by an operational definition, and explain the importance of using operational definitions in psychological research.
Explain how logical positivism, combined with operationism, dealt with the issue of how to study abstract nonobservable phenomena (e.g., hunger) objectively.
Describe the events of the 1920s that paved the way for neobehaviorism to become dominant in the 1930s.
Describe the “myth” of the behaviorist revolution.
Describe a Watsonian approach to parenting.
Describe how Watson influenced the world of advertising.
Watson and Rayner didn’t even try to remove Albert’s fear, but Jones showed that fear could be removed. How did she do it?
Describe and critically analyze the Little Albert study.
Describe howWatson determined that three fundamental emotions existed. What were the emotions, and what stimuli elicited them?
In his manifesto, Watson described what could be called an S-R approach to psychology. Explain.
In the Behaviorist Manifesto, what was the nature of Watson’s criticism of structuralism and functionalism, and what did he propose instead?
Describe theWatson/Carr maze studies from the standpoint of (a) methodology and (b) ethics.
Describe the factors that turned Watson into a behaviorist while at Chicago.
What is the important point made about historiography made in the chapter’s Close-Up?
How were Pavlov’s ideas made known to American psychologists, and what was Pavlov’s influence on American psychology?
Explain why Pavlov’s ideas were valued by the Soviets, and explain why Pavlov initially disliked the Soviets, but later made an accommodation.
What did Pavlov mean by experimental neurosis, and how did he demonstrate its existence?
How did Pavlov demonstrate the basic phenomena of conditioning, extinction, generalization, and differentiation?
Describe the operation and organization of Pavlov’s lab.
Describe the work that won Pavlov the Nobel Prize.
While being trained for the ministry, what influenced Pavlov to switch to science?
What was the influence of comparative psychology on the development of behaviorist thinking?
What was positivism, and what was its significance for American psychology?
What are the similarities between John Locke’s empiricist ideas and John Watson’s behaviorist ideas?
Consider the impact of gestalt psychology on American psychology. Why was it not greater than the gestaltists hoped?
Describe Lewin’s famous leadership study and what he concluded from it.
Describe Lewin’s famous frustration and regression study and what he concluded from it.
Howdid Zeigarnik investigate the effect named for her?How does the phenomenon relate to the Lewinian concept of equilibrium?
Describe the three varieties of conflict examined by Lewin.
In Lewin’s field theory, use the example of a child desiring an out-of-reach cookie to illustrate his concepts of life space, foreign hull, valence, vector, and equilibrium.
What is functional fixedness, and how does it relate to insight?
What is the Von Restorff effect, and how does it relate to figure-ground?
Use the area of a parallelogram example to illustrate Wertheimer’s ideas about thinking and problem solving.
In gestalt terms, what was Köhler’s explanation for Sultan’s success in the two-stick problem?
Explain Köhler’s criticism of Thorndike’s puzzle box research.
Use the Lake of Constance story, or Lewin’s “war landscape”story, to illustrate the distinction between geographical and behavioral environments.
Describe any three gestalt organizing principles, and show how they all can be seen as variants of Prägnanz.
What is figure-ground perception, and what are some of the characteristics of figures and grounds?
What are the arguments for and against the idea that Köhler was a German spy in World War I?
For psychologists in America, gestalt psychology is sometimes assumed to involve only perception. What is the origin of this misperception?
DescribeWertheimer’s apparent motion study. Explain his arguments against (a) an eye movement explanation and(b) the Helmholtz unconscious inference explanation.
What did von Ehrenfels mean by a form-quality? Give an example.
Describe how industrial psychology in Europe differed from its counterpart in the United States.
Using the Coco-Cola study as the example, describe how research psychologists brought special expertise to the area of applied psychology.
Describe the contributions to applied psychology made by Walter Bingham and Lillian Gilbreth.
Aside from his work in industrial psychology, what other contributions did Münsterberg make to applied psychology?
In Münsterberg’s study of telephone operators, an unexpected validation procedure occurred. Explain.
Use specific examples to illustrate the two primary methods used by Münsterberg to accomplish employee selection.
Describe the Army testing program, being sure to distinguish between the two forms of the test. Why were the results controversial?
Describe the research reported by Leta Hollingworth that raised questions about gender differences in intellect.
According to Leta Hollingworth, what was the best strategy for educating gifted children?
Explain how the concept of a meritocracy led Terman to complete psychology’s longest longitudinal study. On the basis of his research, what did Terman conclude about gifted children?
What was Terman’s contribution to the measurement of intelligence?
Describe the origins of the term intelligence quotient.
Describe and criticize Goddard’s work at Ellis Island.
Describe and criticize the Kallikak study. Explain why it is an example of how preconceived bias can influence research.
According to Goddard, define the term moron, and explain why Goddard thought it was critically important to study and be able to identify this type of person.
Had Binet learned of the subsequent history of IQ testing after his death, he might have turned over in his grave.Explain.
What was Binet’s idea about the reason for developing mental tests, and what did he conclude about the placement of schoolchildren?
Binet’s approach to psychology has been referred to as“individual” psychology. Explain and contrast his approach with an alternative research strategy.
When testing for fatigue in schoolchildren, what was the approach taken by Ebbinghaus? Explain.

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