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social science
psychology 2e

Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

Examine how emotions, including happiness and motivation, are displayed across cultures.
Explain the role that thoughts or cognitions play in our experience of emotion.
Analyze the role of nonverbal communication and sensory feedback in emotion.
Explain how emotion is a physiological experience.
Explain the biological and social components of motivation related to hunger, obesity, and eating disorders.
Explain the general theories of motivation and how these are applied to understanding motivation.
5. Suppose you are in charge of student relations at a diverse university. What specific things can you do to foster positive interactions for diversity among all students?
4. Are discrimination, stereotyping, racism, and prejudice inevitable? Why or why not?
3. Discuss some of the strengths and weaknesses of collectivistic and individualistic cultural orientations. In what ways might the formation of an ethnic identity be influenced by a conflict of
2. Is aggression innate, learned, or both? Support your position with empirical evidence. What does this imply about the most effective method(s) of reducing violence?
1. Most students, at one time or another, have experienced social loafing firsthand when working in groups for a class project. What policies could a professor implement to reduce the incidence of
Create an intervention for treating implicit racial bias.
Identify the motives that fuel prejudice.
Discuss whether we can control stereotyping.
Explain how discrimination is a by-product of our thinking.
List situational factors that influence helping behavior.
Determine the types of aversive events that predispose people to behave aggressively. Contrast aggression with altruism.
Recognize the variables that contribute to prejudice, and assess the brain’s role in stereotype development?
Appraise the contribution of culture to our perceptions of the world and others.
Contrast variables that increase helping and aggressive behavior.
Estimate which situations can have the greatest impact on behavioral change.
Identify how we can make errors in judgments about others and how to reduce those incorrect judgments using psychological tools.
Define and explain the nature of nonassociative learning.
Describe how Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning influenced how we understand learning.
Describe the principles of operant conditioning and how this type of conditioning is applied today.
Summarize the process of observational learning and how this type of learning is applied today?
Distinguish between operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
Describe the principles of operant conditioning and how this type of conditioning is applied today.
Explain the principles of reinforcement and punishment and distinguish between the two.
Discuss how behaviorists explain the persistence of maladaptive behaviors like gambling.
Identify the biological and cognitive perspectives on operant conditioning.
Define observational learning.
Discuss whether learning by imitation is a uniquely human form of learning.
Identify the kinds of behaviors that are learned by observation, and explain how the process works.
1. There has been some public discussion about lengthening jail sentences for certain types of criminal offenses. Given the evidence on the effectiveness of punishment as a means of behavior change,
2. In Anthony Burgess’s novel A Clockwork Orange, the main protagonist (Alex), a sadistic young man, was classically conditioned to become horribly ill at the sight of violence. During the
3. A child has developed a fear of dogs. Suggest three different strategies—one based on classical conditioning, one based on operant conditioning, and one based on observational learning—that
4. Would you expect there to be cultural differences with respect to locus of control? If so, what factors might contribute to such differences?
5. We have often heard caregivers tell their children?
6. How likely are children to heed such advice? Why?
Relate your own memory successes and failures to the successes and failures of your favorite technology; in what ways can you blame the technology, and in what ways can you blame the user for
Connect sensation to memory; determine the importance of iconic and echoic memory.
Examine scientifically supported methods to enlarge the capacity of short-term memory.
Juxtapose the belief that memories are forever with the belief that memories eventually become extinct.
Consider the research on autobiographical memory and apply it to your own life.
Identify the limits of our short-term memory.
List the functions that are served by short-term memory.
Explain the serial-position curve and why it occurs.
1. Given what you have learned about memory, what strategies would you use to help you remember the information from this chapter? Why would those strategies be effective?
2. What do psychologists mean when they say that memory is an active process?
3. Suppose you meet a person with damage to the hippocampus. What types of deficits, if any, would you expect this person to exhibit? Why?
4. Distinguish between explicit and implicit memory. How could one study implicit memory if people cannot report having such memories? Design a study that would allow you to assess implicit memory.
5. Speculate as to how you might determine the veracity of an allegedly“recovered” memory.
6. Hypothesize about the relative capacity and duration of tactile, olfactory, and gustatory memories. How could you go about testing these memory abilities?
Distinguish the difference between a prototype and a concept.
Recognize the methods humans use to solve problems and how humans are also hindered by those same problem-solving methods.
Define language, and recognize its properties.
Explain how the words we use influence our ideas about others, ourselves, and the world.
Critique the theoretical types of intelligence for accuracy and bias.
Appreciate the range of intelligences proposed by the field of psychology.
Apply the nature versus nurture debate to group variations in intelligence.
Determine if you agree with the saying, “All humans speak in the same tongue.”
Identify the universal properties of all languages.
Describe how language emerges.
1. Imagine that you are developing a workshop to teach people to become better problem solvers. What specific strategies would you include? What suggestions would you give to promote the use of
2. Suppose scientists invented a pill that would allow you to make all your decisions in a completely rational manner. Would you choose to take such a pill?Why or why not?
3. Do computers think? Do they have language capability? Why or why not?
4. Discuss the debate concerning one intelligence versus multiple intelligences.Which view do you believe?
5. Discuss the controversy surrounding the use of IQ and other standardized tests of intelligence. Explain how IQ tests might be both biased and accurate. In what ways might IQ scores influence
6. In what ways do genetic and environmental forces interact to determine intelligence? What practical implications does this have for the way we educate our children?
Examine the contributions Freud, Jung, and Adler made to psychology and the study of personality as we know it today. Contrast psychoanalysis with the cognitive social-learning approach.
Investigate whether or not an interaction exists between selfactualization and unconditional positive regard.
Identify the roles that nature and nurture are believed to play in trait development.
Discuss the experiences that inspired Freud to formulate psychoanalysis.
Determine what dreams, jokes, and slips of the tongue have in common.
Compare Jung and Adler’s theories to Freud’s psychoanalysis.
Describe how projective tests are used.
Create an argument for Freud’s greatest legacy ?
1. Compare the four approaches to personality (psychoanalytic, cognitive sociallearning, humanistic, and trait). What are the implications of these differences for the way in which personality is
2. Take a few moments to write down a description of your own personality, and then use each of the four approaches to explain it. Which of the four approaches do you think best accounts for your
3. What are the major criticisms of Freudian theory? What Freudian concepts continue to endure? What would you say is Freud’s most enduring legacy?
4. Csikszentmihalyi’s research seems to suggest that anyone can have “optimal experiences.” Identify a domain in which you have experienced, or would like to experience, flow. What did this
5. Discuss the evidence that introversion is biologically based. What are the implications of this work for personality change? That is, can an introvert become more extraverted, or vice versa? If
Describe genes and the role they play in behavior.
Identify the three stages of prenatal development and describe the complexities of fertility. Describe the abilities that a newborn infant can demonstrate and the adaptive significance of their
Describe biological, cognitive, and social development during childhood.
Explain the importance and challenges of making the transition to adolescence.
Describe the physical and cognitive changes that are evident in adulthood and old age.
Explain why the timing of puberty is important in the transition to adolescence.
Define moral reasoning, and outline how the levels of moral thought differ according to Kohlberg.
Analyze why adolescence has been described as a period of “storm and stress” and summarize the evidence that supports this description.
Discuss why adolescents tend to engage in risky behaviors, compared to adults.
1. What is heritability, and how is it studied? Is it possible to separate the effects of genes and environment?
2. In what ways have your peers and your parents helped shape you?
3. Why do people often help nonrelated friends, acquaintances, and even strangers? Do animals do this too? How might this be adaptive in terms of evolution?
4. Given what you now know about the limitations of early sensory experience and the developmental changes that occur early in life, what kinds of toys would you select (or design) for an infant to
5. Research suggests that child witnesses are especially susceptible to bias.Describe the kinds of biases that children are likely to exhibit. Use what you have learned about development to explain
Explain what scientific methods are and why they are important.
Evaluate whether it is better to study people in laboratories or in natural settings.
Justify why psychologists devise subtle measures of behavior when they can just ask people about themselves.

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