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social science
psychology 2e

Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

Women in the United States and Canada are two to three times more likely than men to experience major depression, but researchers typically report gender similarities in other countries. True or False
In the United States and Canada, men are more likely than women to attempt suicide and also to die from suicide. True or False
Women are more likely than men to seek therapy, and this factor explains about 60% of the apparent gender differences in depression. True or False
After a distressing event has occurred, women are more likely than men to focus on their emotional reactions to this event. True or False
In many situations, a woman perceives herself as an object that can be viewed by other people. True or False
White women are much more likely than Black and Latina women to feel dissatisfied with their body image. True or False
As early as preschool, children typically prefer to have a friend who is slender, instead of overweight. True or False
People with anorexia nervosa are underweight, and they experience several physical problems; however, they are otherwise fairly well adjusted. True or False
European Americans are more likely than people of color to use mental health services. True or False
Feminist therapy emphasizes a fairly even distribution of power between the therapist and the client. True or False
To label a remark “sexual harassment” from the legal standpoint, the person making the remark must specifically request some sort of sexual favor. True or False
Women are more likely to be sexually harassed if they work at a job where the clear majority of the employees are male. True or False
Women who have been sexually harassed typically say that the harassment was moderately unpleasant, but it had no long-lasting emotional effects. True or False
About 20% of North American women will be victims of a rape during their lifetime. True or False
The clear majority of rape victims were previously acquainted with the man who raped them. True or False
If women follow a specific set of guidelines for behavior, they can almost completely eliminate the risk of rape. True or False
Men are approximately three times as likely as women to assault a former spouse. True or False
The abuse of women is just as high in the United States as it is in Asia and Latin America. True or False
Unemployment increases the likelihood of partner abuse. True or False
Most abusive relationships improve spontaneously, but therapy is recommended when the abuse is severe or long lasting. True or False
Because most researchers in psychology are middle-aged or older, journals publish more research on this period than on childhood and adolescence combined. True or False
People judge elderly women consistently more negatively than they judge elderly men. True or False
According to the current research, young people in Japan and South Korea believe that elderly people may be pleasant, but not very smart. True or False
The research shows that men usually have fewer retirement problems than women do. True or False
In the United States, retired men and women have roughly the same income, primarily because both receive Social Security. True or False
Most physicians currently recommend hormone replacement therapy for women who have reached menopause. True or False
Cross-cultural studies show that most women who have reached menopause are bothered by both physical symptoms and psychological problems. True or False
Most women experience moderate depression, called “the empty-nest syndrome,”when their children move away from home. True or False
Elderly European American women are more likely than Asian Americans and Latina Americans to live with younger family members. True or False
Older women often experience health, financial, and social problems, but most of them are reasonably satisfied with their lives. True or False
Despite progress in women’s undergraduate education, men still earn about 60%of all Psychology Ph.D. degrees in the United States. True or False
In psychology research about women of color, the European-American female group often serves as the standard of comparison. True or False
Chicana feminism has been active in the United States since the early 1970s. True or False
In Asian American families, fathers are often expected to make the decisions in a family, which makes it difficult for daughters to express their feminist beliefs. True or False
When women from some ethnic groups become feminist activists, the men in their community often tell them that this activism is a threat to ethnic unity. True or False
One branch of the men’s movement, called the “profeminists,” argues that rigid gender roles can harm men as well as women. True or False
The religious approach to the men’s movement emphasizes that men must take back their roles as family leaders and women should be followers. True or False
According to both qualitative and quantitative research, students say that their women’s studies courses have increased their feminist identity. True or False
The first wave of the North American feminist movement began in the 1920s, as a result of women winning the right to vote. True or False
By the year 2010, women had been heads of state in only 12 countries. True or False
What are the implications of Locke’s contention that there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses.
Describe Kant’s distinction between analytic a priori and synthetic a priori knowledge. What is the significance of the distinction?
Briefly describe Kant’s theory of moral development.
Distinguish between apperception and perception.
Describe what Thomas Reid meant by common sense and how Reid argued against Hume’s skepticism.
Describe Hobbes’s position on epistemology.
How did Hobbes’s work encourage naturalistic and quantitative studies?
Describe Hobbes’s beliefs about human nature.
Describe Descartes’s views about reflex activity.
Describe four testable hypotheses found in Descartes’s views about physical movement.
Describe why Swammerdam’s experiment on the nerve-muscle preparation was embarrassing to Descartes’s theory.
List three arguments advanced by Niels Stensen against Descartes’s claims about the pineal gland.
Describe Hales’s and Whytt’s contributions to reflex theory.
According to Unzer, the guillotine provided a painless death. Why did Unzer believe this?
Describe advantages and disadvantages of Leibniz’s approach to the mind–body problem?
Outline Spinoza’s contributions to the intellectual development of psychology.
Describe Berkeley’s objection to primary qualities.
Describe Hume’s general approach to the problem of causality.
Show how empiricism evolved from a method(epistemology) under Bacon to a position about existence (ontology) in the work of Berkeley and Hume.
Outline contributions to empiricism made by continental philosophers Condillac and Helvétius.
Briefly describe the legal problems that contributed to the development of utilitarianism. What were the applications of utilitarianism in the law?
Describe Hartley’s seven varieties of pleasure.
Briefly describe Hartley’s contributions to associationism.
Describe connections between Mary Wollstonecraft’s life experiences and her arguments for women’s equality.
Distinguish between the concepts of mental mechanics (James Mill) and mental chemistry(John Stuart Mill).
In what ways did John Stuart Mill contribute to the development of applied psychology?
How did empiricism contribute to an intellectual climate friendly to the development of psychology?
Identify three ways in which rationalism differs from empiricism.
Describe four procedural rules for the intellect from Descartes in his Discourse on Method.
Why is the work of La Mettrie important to the development of scientific psychology?
Describe the Bell–Magendie Law and how it was discovered.
How did early psychophysics challenge the two extremes referred to in the previous question?
Define the term threshold.
Describe some of the findings that came out of Weber’s work on difference thresholds.
Write Weber’s formula and Fechner’s formula and explain their meanings.
Describe three of Fechner’s psychophysical methods.
Explain Helmholtz’s approach to the understanding of color vision and his approach to audition.
Outline four general characteristics of Wundt’s thought.
Describe two examples of representative research coming out of Wundt’s laboratory
Contrast the methods employed by Titchener and Brentano.
Describe a typical laboratory problem that was studied by Titchener.
Describe Titchener’s distinction between primary and secondary attention. Is it useful? Why or why not?
Describe Titchener’s theory of meaning.
Describe Washburn’s “motor theory of consciousness.” How did her ideas about consciousness differ from Titchener’s theory?
Describe two extreme positions about the nature of the relationship of experience to objects in the world prior to the advent of psychophysics.
How did Jean Itard and Édouard Séguin advance our understanding of people with cognitive disabilities?
Describe Dorothea Dix’s views on the causes of mental illness. Describe her views on the treatment of people with psychological disorders.
Describe the doctrine of specific energies. Who was its chief advocate?
Describe Helmholtz’s technique for measuring the speed of conduction of a nervous impulse.
How did the measured speed of a nervous impulse help open the door to the possibility of psychological science?
Why is the work of Jacques Quételet so important in the history of psychology?
Describe Francis Galton’s contributions to the development of quantitative techniques.
Describe the development of evolutionary thought regarding the solar system and geology.
Describe key developments in the theory of organic evolution prior to Darwin.
Describe four technical features of Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Discuss the significance of evolutionary theory to psychology.
Describe at least six major social reform movements that took place in the nineteenth century.
Describe the three major subdivisions of the Malleus Maleficarum.
How did Spinoza and Descartes challenge beliefs in witchcraft?
Describe the contributions of Benjamin Rush and Philippe Pinel to the understanding of people with mental illness.

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