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social science
psychology 2e

Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

How did Brentano distinguish between inner perception and inner observation?
What is Bacon’s approach to scientific methodology?
Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic teleology.
Advance three arguments in support of determinism and three arguments in defense of free will.
Outline two monistic and two dualistic approaches to mind and brain.
Which of the various mind–brain positions seems most adequate to you? What are some of the problems with this position?
Outline two major problems for psychogenic identity theory.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of arguments by analogy?
Discuss psychological thought from ancient cultures such as China, Egypt, and India.
Contrast Thales, Democritus, Anaximander, and Anaximenes with respect to their views on the primal substance.
Myia of the Pythagorean school provided some of the earliest advice on the care of infants.Briefly summarize her advice.
Contrast the philosophy of becoming as advanced by Heraclitus with the philosophy of being as advanced by Parmenides.
Trace Greek medical thought from Aesculapius to Hippocrates.
How did Socrates challenge the relativism of Protagoras?
Outline the contributions of Socrates to psychology.
Briefly describe Aristotle’s four kinds of causation.
If you were arguing for Feyerabend’s philosophy of science, what evidence would you employ?
List and briefly describe five reasons for the study of history.
What is historiography? What issues are typically studied in historiography?
What is history? Do you agree that history has an empirical component?
In what sense can the historian be objective?
List and describe three hypotheses regarding the pattern or direction of history.
Describe specific developments in the latter part of the twentieth century that contributed to the advance of scholarly work in the history of psychology.
Define epistemology.
Distinguish between a priori and a posteriori knowledge.
Differentiate between nativist and empiricist accounts of depth perception.
Briefly explain at least five different ways of assessing truth.
What risks come with the reliance on authority for knowledge?
According to Popper, what is the key distinguishing feature between legitimate science and pseudoscience?
Trace Kuhn’s view on the development of science. What does Kuhn mean by normal science and paradigm?
Outline Plato’s conflict model of mental disorders.
Discuss Plato’s methodology. Include a statement about Plato’s theory of forms and explain the meaning of his metaphor “eye of the soul.”
Briefly state Plato’s position on memory, perception, and motivation.
Outline Aquinas’s methodology.
What are general characteristics of the Middle Ages and the Roman Period.
Describe five general characteristics of the Renaissance period.
How did the plague contribute to the Renaissance?
Contrast geocentric and heliocentric worldviews and their implications for psychology.
Discuss Machiavelli’s importance to the history of psychology.
Outline three of Vives’s contributions to psychological thought.
What are some specific ways in which Leonardo da Vinci contributed to growing empirical studies?
Outline Montaigne’s skeptical arguments. Why was Montaigne’s skepticism important to the development of science?
Describe Montaigne’s position on child rearing.
How does Juan Huarte serve as a pioneer in the study of individual differences?
How did Oliva Sabuco recommend that we seek and maintain our emotional health?
Briefly describe Bacon’s four Idols. How do the Idols apply today?
Outline Abelard’s position on the roles of faith and reason.
What is the essential message contained in Maimonides’s book Guide for the Perplexed?
Contrast Plato with Aristotle in their approaches to knowledge.
What was Aristotle’s approach to the soul–body question?
Outline Aristotle’s positions on memory, sensing, and motivation.
Briefly discuss Aristotle’s approach to dreaming.
What are the essential features of psychological and philosophical thought following Aristotle?
Briefly define Galen’s constitutional types.
Explain Galen’s pneuma concept of the soul.
Describe and compare the teachings of Epicurus, Diogenes, Zeno, and Pyrrho.
What did Plotinus mean by the “soul is not in the world, rather the world is in the soul”?
Describe four possible solutions to the tensions between revelation and reason.
What is the significance of Augustine’s Confessions for psychology? Explain Augustine’s views of infant motivation, dreams, and memory.
Why, according to Rhazes, do people trust charlatans rather than legitimate healers?
List and describe major substantive contributions coming out of the works of Avicenna, Averroës, and Alhazen.
Distinguish between Locke’s primary qualities and secondary qualities and provide examples of each.
Describe Stumpf’s contributions to the psychology of music. How did his work on tone psychology differ from Wundt’s ideas?
What did Jung mean by the term archetype?Provide examples.
Discuss the meaning of Heidegger’s term Dasein and its significance for psychology.
Define Heidegger’s terms throwness, Mitwelt, and Umwelt.
Discuss the implications of Husserl’s phenomenology for psychology.
Describe Maslow’s hierarchical theory of motivation and discuss its criticisms.
Describe some of the defining characteristics of a self-actualizing person according to Maslow.
Define the concept of functional autonomy as employed by Allport.
Some of Carl Rogers’s major contributions to psychology were challenges to standard practices. Describe two of these.
What did Rogers mean by unconditional positive regard?
Describe the major focus of Frankl’s logotherapy.
Describe how a therapist could use Frankl’s concept of paradoxical intention in the treatment of a phobia.
Advance arguments for or against Rychlak’s contention that humanistic psychology can be rigorous.
Outline five major criticisms of humanistic psychologies.
Describe the main contributions of Harry Harlow? How is his work incongruent with the neobehaviorism of B. F. Skinner?
Described Kierkegaard’s three modes of existence and the ways that each can collapse into an undesirable state.
What affinities exist between third-force psychologies and the philosophy of Unamuno?
Outline the four functions and two attitudes in Jung’s psychology.
Outline some of the strengths and weaknesses of Jung’s system of thought.
Contrast Adler’s and Freud’s approaches to motivation.
Contrast compensation and overcompensation in Adler’s theory.
Describe Adler’s approach to the question of causation, particularly his teleological approach.
Distinguish between the real self and the idealized self for Horney. What role does basic anxiety play in isolating the real self?
Briefly review Horney’s ideas about the compliant, hostile, and detached neurotic types.
Compare and contrast Freud and Horney with respect to their position on feminine development.
Describe contributions of Melanie Klein.
How did World War II shape Anna Freud’s research and thought?
Why was humanistic psychology referred to as a third force?
What are some of the distinguishing features of third-force psychology?
Describe three features in the thought of William James that identify him as an intellectual forerunner of humanistic psychology.
Describe specific developments that advanced cognitive psychology.
Describe three major themes in cognitive psychology.
Present main arguments for and against the computer metaphor.
What are the consequences when psychologists study a narrow slice of humanity, particularly those who live in countries that are W.E.I.R.D.?
How have psychologists and others confounded sex and gender?
How do sex and gender differ?
How have our views of gender changed in recent history?
Describe the benefits of studying intersectionality.

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