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social science
psychology 2e

Questions and Answers of Psychology 2e

How has health psychology expanded into traditional health fields?
Describe the roots of positive psychology.
Describe the primary concerns and hopes of ecopsychologists.
What famous legal cases led to the direct involvement of psychologists in the legal system, and how did psychologists contribute to each case?
What are some contextual differences that affected the successes and failures of Hugo Münsterberg and Elizabeth Loftus as scholars of memory?
Describe the factors that have led to a resurgence of motivation studies.
How did qualitative research methods emerge in psychology?
Describe ways that faith and religion affect the lives and experiences of believers and nonbelievers.
What questions do critical psychologists ask, and why do they raise these questions?
Which early applied psychologist, in your opinion, provided the strongest foundation for early industrial and organizational psychology?Why?
Why would you endorse a unified psychology?Why would you support a pluralistic one?
Describe criticisms of cognitive psychology.Are these criticisms valid?
Describe the historical roots of clinical psychology.
Describe critical events in the emergence of clinical psychology as a formal profession?
Describe the components of the Boulder model. Why did conference attendees choose these factors?
Name three cognitive or cognitive-behavioral therapists. How are their views similar? How are their perspectives different?
Name two reductionistic biological psychologists. Name two biological psychologists who emphasize holistic approaches. What methodological and topical differences exist between these perspectives?
Describe three productive topics of study in biological psychology.
Is the use of fMRI and PET scan information to locate areas of the brain that correlate with specific cognitive functions the “new phrenology,”or do these approaches provide valid methods to
In what ways has biological psychology benefited from infusions of ideas and researchers from other disciplines?
What possible social and cultural problems can arise from the study of genes and behavior, specifically intelligence and genetics?
Describe similarities and differences in the methodologies and research topics of Muzafer Sherif, Solomon Asch, and Stanley Milgram.
How should instructors teach the Stanford Prison Experiment? How should new findings change classroom presentations?
Describe the Cold War historical foundations of enhanced interrogation techniques.
Jung believed that the shadow can be a doorway to reality. What did he mean by this?
Describe two of Georg Elias Müller’s contributions to psychology.
Describe the variability hypothesis and the ways Leta Stetter Hollingworth challenged it.
According to Mary Calkins, how might structuralism and functionalism be reconciled?
Discuss three major criticisms of functionalism and explain how a functionalist might respond to each criticism.
Briefly outline some of the important intellectual antecedents of behaviorism.
Why was the concept of action at a distance, or psychical reflex, troublesome to Pavlov?
What are the four temperament types included in Pavlov’s system?
Discuss Pavlov’s approach to experimental neurosis and specify the meaning of terms such as ultramaximal inhibition, equivalence phase, paradoxical phase, and ultraparadoxical phase.
In what sense can Thorndike be considered a functionalist and in what sense can he be considered a behaviorist?
Distinguish between Thorndike’s early law of effect and his later law of effect.
How did John B. Watson define psychology and what methods did he advocate?
Outline Watson and Rayner’s classic work on fear conditioning.
Describe Watson’s treatment of thinking.Describe criticisms of his approach.
Contrast Hull, Guthrie, Tolman, and Skinner with respect to their views on reinforcement.
Describe three major contributions to psychology made by Robert Sessions Woodworth.
How did James McKeen Cattell contribute to the scientific stature and visibility of psychology?
Describe the studies of imageless thought at the Würzburg school. How did these studies shape the larger discipline?
Describe five ways that Ebbinghaus influenced the field of psychology.
Describe important experimental findings from Ebbinghaus’s studies of memory
Describe six general characteristics of William James’s philosophy.
Describe five characteristics of the stream of thought, according to James.
Describe the parts of the self, according to William James.
Describe James’s concept of self-esteem and how self-esteem might be improved.
Explain and criticize the James–Lange theory of emotion.
Distinguish between primary and secondary memory in James’s psychology.
Describe five of G. Stanley Hall’s major achievements.
How did Hall’s book Senescence anticipate contemporary developments in the psychology and sociology of aging?
Describe John Dewey’s arguments in his classic article “The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology.”
Described three characteristics of functionalism according to James R. Angell.
Briefly explain the significance of Tolman’s latent learning experiments.
What did Tolman mean by intervening variable?
Contrast Skinner and Hull with respect to their views on the role of theory in science.
The text outlined six general characteristics of Freud’s thought. What evidence did Freud advance for each characteristic?
Compare and contrast Freud and Jung regarding their views on the structure of personality.Which view seems more adequate? Why?
Briefly review the posthypnotic phenomena that impressed Freud and that contributed to his views of unconscious processes.
Contrast Freud and Jung with respect to their positions on the unconscious.
Outline the four basic components of drives according to Freud.
Distinguish between the three varieties of anxiety proposed by Freud.
Define repression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. Why did Freud consider repression to be the most basic?
Critically evaluate Freud’s stages of psychosexual development.
Distinguish between the manifest and latent content of dreams.
Describe Freud’s approach to psychotherapy, making sure you cover topics such as transference, free association, and countertransference.
Contrast Freud and Einstein in their approaches to the causes of war.
Describe new materials in the work of Freud that are not included in other systems of psychology?
Describe major criticisms of Freud’s system of thought.
Describe four common misunderstandings of Gestalt psychology.
Describe three forms of conflict from the work of Lewin.
Describe the contributions of Keller and Marion Breland.
Discuss three applications of Skinner’s research.
Outline some of the contributions of behaviorism to applied psychology?
Describe the key influences on Gestalt theory coming out of science, philosophy, and psychology.
Why was the phi phenomenon so important to Wertheimer?
Distinguish between productive thinking and mere reproductive thinking.
What is the law of Prägnanz and how can it be illustrated?
Review the evidence that learning is not based on strict point-for-point mechanical connections.
Describe three types of learning discussed in the work of Koffka.
Describe the Gestalt approach to the scientific method. Contrast this approach to the behavioristic approach.
Describe the Gestalt approach to the mind–brain problem.
Explain Lewin’s concept of life space and why it was important to his overall conceptual approach to psychology.
What is the Zeigarnik effect and what are some of its practical implications?
Contrast Jung’s and Freud’s approaches to therapy.
What is the science of psychology?
What are the major specialties in the field of psychology?
Where do psychologists work?
What are the origins of psychology?
What are the major approaches in contemporary psychology?
What are psychology’s key issues and controversies?
What is the future of psychology likely to hold?
What role do theories and hypotheses play in psychological research?
What research methods do psychologists use?
How do psychologists establish cause-and-effect relationships in research studies?
What major issues confront psychologists conducting research?
Match each subfield of psychology with the issues or questions posed below.Joan, a college freshman, is worried about her grades. She needs to learn better organizational skills and study habits to
At what age do children generally begin to acquire an emotional attachment to their fathers?
It is thought that pornographic films that depict violence against women may prompt aggressive behavior in some men.

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