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statistics
discovering statistics

Questions and Answers of Discovering Statistics

What effect does accounting for the participant’s sex have on the relationship between the time spent shopping and the distance covered?
In Chapter 8 (Task 9) we looked at data based on findings that the number of cups of tea drunk was related to cognitive functioning (Feng et al., 2010). Using a linear model that predicts cognitive
Estimate a linear model for the pubs.sav data in Jane Superbrain Box 9.1 predicting mortality from the number of pubs. Try repeating the analysis but bootstrapping the confidence intervals.
In Jane Superbrain Box 2.1 we encountered data (honesty_lab.sav) relating to people’s ratings of dishonest acts and the likeableness of the perpetrator. Run a linear model with bootstrapping to
A fashion student was interested in factors that predicted the salaries of catwalk models. She collected data from 231 models (supermodel.sav). For each model she asked them their salary per day
A study was carried out to explore the relationship between aggression and several potential predicting factors in 666 children who had an older sibling. Variables measured were parenting_style (high
Repeat the analysis in Labcoat Leni’s Real Research 9.1 using bootstrapping for the confidence intervals. What are the confidence intervals for the regression parameters?
Coldwell et al. (2006) investigated whether household chaos predicted children’s problem behaviour over and above parenting. From 118 families they recorded the age and gender of the youngest child
Is arachnophobia (fear of spiders) specific to real spiders or will pictures of spiders evoke similar levels of anxiety? Twelve arachnophobes were asked to play with a big hairy tarantula with big
Plot an error bar graph of the data in Task 1 (remember to adjust for the fact that the data are from a repeated measures design.)Task 1Is arachnophobia (fear of spiders) specific to real spiders or
Pop psychology’ books sometimes spout nonsense that is unsubstantiated by science. As part of my plan to rid the world of pop psychology I took 20 people in relationships and randomly assigned them
Twaddle and Sons, the publishers of Women are from Bras and Men are from Penis, were upset about my claims that their book was as useful as a paper umbrella. They ran their own experiment (N = 500)
In Chapter 4 (Task 6) we looked at data from people who had fish or cats as pets and measured their life satisfaction as well as how much they like animals (pets.sav). Conduct a t-test to see whether
Fit a linear model to the data in Task 5 to see whether life satisfaction is significantly predicted from the type of animal. What do you notice about the t-value and significance in this model
Analyse the data in Chapter 6, Task 1 (whether men and dogs differ in their doglike behaviours) using an independent t-test with bootstrapping. Do you reach the same conclusions
Analyse the data in Chapter 6, Task 2 (whether the type of music you hear influences goat sacrificing – dark_lord.sav), using a paired-samples t-test with bootstrapping. Do you reach the same
Produce the simple slopes analysis for Task 1.Task 1McNulty et al. (2008) found a relationship between a person’s attractiveness and how much support they give their partner among newlywed
McNulty et al. (2008) also found a relationship between a person’s attractiveness and their relationship satisfaction among newlyweds. Using the same data as in Tasks 1 and 2, find out if this
In this chapter we tested a mediation model of infidelity for Lambert et al.’s data. Repeat this analysis but using hook_ups as the measure of infidelity.
Tablets like the iPad are very popular. A company owner was interested in how to make his brand of tablets more desirable. He collected data on how cool people perceived a product’s advertising to
What are (broadly speaking) the five stages of the research process?
What is the level of measurement of the following variables? The number of downloads of different bands’ songs on iTunesThe names of the bands that were downloadedTheir positions in the download
Say I own 857 CDs. My friend has written a computer program that uses a webcam to scan the shelves in my house where I keep my CDs and measure how many I have. His program says that I have 863 CDs.
Sketch the shape of a normal distribution, a positively skewed distribution and a negatively skewed distribution.
In 2011 I got married and we went to Disney World in Florida for our honeymoon. We bought some bride and groom Mickey Mouse hats and wore them around the parks. The staff at Disney are really nice
In this chapter we used an example of the time taken for 21 heavy smokers to fall off a treadmill at the fastest setting (18, 16, 18, 24, 23, 22, 22, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 34, 36, 36, 43, 42, 49, 46,
Sports scientists sometimes talk of a ‘red zone’, which is a period during which players in a team are more likely to pick up injuries because they are fatigued. When a player hits the red zone
Celebrities always seem to be getting divorced. The (approximate) lengths of some celebrity marriages in days are: 240 (J-Lo and Cris Judd), 144 (Charlie Sheen and Donna Peele), 143 (Pamela Anderson
Repeat Question 9 but excluding Jennifer Anniston and Brad Pitt’s marriage. How does this affect the mean, median, range, interquartile range, and standard deviation? What do the differences in
What is the mean and how do we tell if it’s representative of our data?
What do the sum of squares, variance and standard deviation represent? How do they differ?
What is a test statistic and what does it tell us?
What is statistical power?
Figure 2.21 shows two experiments that looked at the effect of singing versus conversation on how much time a woman would spend with a man. In both experiments the means were 10 (singing) and 12
Figure 2.22 shows a similar study to that in Task 9, but the means were 10 (singing) and 10.01 (conversation), the standard deviations in both groups were 3 and each group contained 1 million people.
In Chapter 1 (Question 8) we looked at an example of how many games it took a sportsperson before they hit the ‘red zone’ Calculate the standard error and confidence interval for those data.Data
At a rival club to the one I support, they similarly measured the number of consecutive games it took their players before they reached the red zone. The data are: 6, 17, 7, 3, 8, 9, 4, 13, 11, 14,
In Chapter 1 (Question 9) we looked at the length in days of 11 celebrity marriages. Here are the approximate lengths in months of nine marriages, one being mine and the others being those of some of
What is an effect size and how is it measured?
In Chapter 1 (Task 8) we looked at an example of how many games it took a sportsperson before they hit the ‘red zone’, then in Chapter 2 we looked at data from a rival club. Compute and interpret
Calculate and interpret Cohen’s d for the difference in the mean duration of the celebrity marriages in Chapter 1 (Question 9) and mine and my friends’ marriages in Chapter 2 (Question
What are the problems with null hypothesis significance testing?
What is meta-analysis?
Describe what you understand by the term ‘Bayes factor’.
Various studies have shown that students who use laptops in class often do worse on their modules (Payne-Carter et al., 2016; Sana et al., 2013). Table 3.3 shows some fabricated data that mimic what
From the data in Table 3.3, what is the conditional probability that someone used a laptop in class given that they passed the exam, p(laptop|pass). What is the conditional probability of that
Using the data in Table 3.3, what are the posterior odds of someone using a laptop in class (compared to not using one) given that they passed the exam? Exam result Pass Fail Total Laptop in class?
Smart Alex’s first task for this chapter is to save the data that you’ve entered in this chapter. Save it somewhere on the hard drive of your computer or the cloud. Give it a sensible title and
What are the following icons shortcuts to? 1 A
The data below show the score (out of 20) for 20 different students, some of whom are male and some female, and some of whom were taught using positive reinforcement (being nice) and others who were
Thinking back to Labcoat Leni’s Real Research 4.1, Oxoby also measured the minimum acceptable offer; these MAOs (in dollars) are below (again, they are approximations based on the graphs in the
According to some highly unscientific research done by a UK department store chain and reported in Marie Claire magazine (https://tinyurl.com/mcsgh), shopping is good for you. They found that the
I wondered whether a fish or cat made a better pet. I found some people who had either fish or cats as pets and measured their life satisfaction and how much they like animals. Enter these data into
One of my favourite activities, especially when trying to do brain-melting things like writing statistics books, is drinking tea. I am English, after all. Fortunately, tea improves your cognitive
Statistics and maths anxiety are common and affect people’s performance on maths and stats assignments; women in particular can lack confidence in mathematics (Field, 2010, 2014). Zhang et al.
What is a coding variable?
What is the difference between wide and long format data?
Using the same data, plot and interpret an error bar chart showing the mean alcohol consumption for students and lecturers.
Using the same data, plot and interpret an error line chart showing the mean income for students and lecturers.
Using the same data, plot and interpret error a line chart showing the mean neuroticism for students and lecturers.
Using the same data, plot and interpret a scatterplot with regression lines of alcohol consumption and neuroticism grouped by lecturer/student.
Using the same data, plot and interpret a scatterplot matrix with regression lines of alcohol consumption, neuroticism and number of friends.
Using the zhang_sample.sav data from Chapter 4 (Task 8) plot a clustered error bar chart of the mean test accuracy as a function of the type of name participants completed the test under (x-axis) and
Using the teach_method.sav data from Chapter 4 (Task 3), plot a clustered error line chart of the mean score when electric shocks were used compared to being nice, and plot males and females as
Using the shopping.sav data from Chapter 4 (Task 5), plot two error bar charts comparing men and women (x-axis): one for the distance walked, and the other for the time spent shopping.Chapter 4 Task
Using the pets.sav data from Chapter 4 (Task 6), plot two error bar charts comparing scores when having a fish or cat as a pet (x-axis): one for the animal liking variable and the other for the life
Using the same data as above, plot a scatterplot of animal liking scores against life satisfaction (plot scores for those with fishes and cats in different colours).
Using the tea_15.sav data from Chapter 4 (Task 7), plot a scatterplot showing the number of cups of tea drunk (x-axis) against cognitive functioning (y-axis).Chapter 4 Task 7One of my favourite
Using the notebook.sav data from Chapter 5, check the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance for the two films (ignore sex). Are the assumptions met?
The file spss_exam.sav contains data on students’ performance on an SPSS exam. Four variables were measured: exam (first-year SPSS exam scores as a percentage), computer (measure of computer
Calculate and interpret the z-scores for skewness for all variables.
Calculate and interpret the z-scores for kurtosis for all variables.
Use the split file command to look at and interpret the descriptive statistics for numeracy and exam.
Repeat Task 5 but for the computer literacy and percentage of lectures attended.
Conduct and interpret a K-S test for numeracy and exam.
Conduct and interpret a Levene’s test for numeracy and exam.
Transform the numeracy scores (which are positively skewed) using one of the transformations described in this chapter. Do the data become normal?
Use the explore command to see what effect a natural log transformation would have on the four variables measured in spss_exam.sav.

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