1. Consider the following presentation by a female CEO of a Fortune 500 company:

And yet women are still in just a fraction of important business leadership positions.

One of the biggest barriers to women serving in these leadership positions is the lack of women currently in those roles. Mentorship programs are a vital way we can increase the number of women in the highest positions of power. WalMart has already created such programs to great success. And perhaps CEOs such as Meg Whitman of HP, Virginia Rometty of IBM, Marissa Mayer of Yahoo, Rosalind Brewer of Sams Club, Indra Nooyi of PepsiCo and other powerful women will show young women and girls that leadership positions are indeed attainable. This chapter provided a number of strategies arguers could use to relate their arguments to the orientations of their audiences and to enhance their own credibility. These included the following:

A. Use premises the audience accepts.

B. Use audience values and principles for supporting your reasoning.

C. Cite authorities the audience is likely to respect.

D. Use novel evidence.

E. Keep the audience interested and involved in the argument.

F. Focus on issues the audience is likely to be concerned about.

G . Be aware of possible audience objections and reservations.

H. Appear attractive, and emphasize similarities you share with the audience.

I. Emphasize your own and your source’s experience with the topic.

J. Use unbiased and reluctant testimony.

K. Avoid inconsistency.

L. Craft your narrative so that it has probability and fidelity for your audience.

Examine each of the arguments below in which the speaker or writer adheres to or violates one or more of these strategies. Decide whether the audience would respond more or less favorably to the argument because of what is said. Also, decide which of the strategies the arguer uses or violates.

Some information about the audience is provided.