2. Senator John McCain, Congressional Record (April 8, 2004): S3996S3999. This speech was delivered to the U.S.

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2. Senator John McCain, Congressional Record (April 8, 2004): S3996–S3999. This speech was delivered to the U.S. Senate:

The sport of baseball is America’s pastime and an institution inextricably interwoven into the fabric of our culture. If Major League Baseball and its players fail to act to preserve and protect the sport by adopting a drug-testing policy that effectively deters the players from using anabolic steroids or any other similar performance-enhancing substances, this important part of our culture will remain tarnished. The resolution we are introducing today would call on Major League Baseball and its players to restore legitimacy to professional baseball and make the welfare of the sport more important than the self-serving interests that have a chokehold on America’s game. This chapter provided a number of strategies arguers could use to relate their arguments to the orientations of their audiences and to enhance their own credibility. These included the following:

A. Use premises the audience accepts.

B. Use audience values and principles for supporting your reasoning.

C. Cite authorities the audience is likely to respect.

D. Use novel evidence.

E. Keep the audience interested and involved in the argument.

F. Focus on issues the audience is likely to be concerned about.

G . Be aware of possible audience objections and reservations.

H. Appear attractive, and emphasize similarities you share with the audience.

I. Emphasize your own and your source’s experience with the topic.

J. Use unbiased and reluctant testimony.

K. Avoid inconsistency.

L. Craft your narrative so that it has probability and fidelity for your audience.

Examine each of the arguments below in which the speaker or writer adheres to or violates one or more of these strategies. Decide whether the audience would respond more or less favorably to the argument because of what is said. Also, decide which of the strategies the arguer uses or violates.

Some information about the audience is provided.

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