Identifying Fallacies. Read the following arguments and identify the fallacies.

1. In a debate about the benefits of a policy to reduce military spending, an arguer retorts, “You can’t listen to him because he is an atheist.”

2. The new Lady Gaga album is number one on the charts, so I think you should buy it.

3. We should not allow homosexual marriages because traditionally marriage is defined as being between a man and a woman.

4. The polls say that the president has a high popularity level, so I am going to vote for her.
5. Teachers and students are concerned with the quality of education. They should be trained more rigorously.
6. Dogs provide companionship to lonely individuals. All people living alone should have a cat.
7. California and Mississippi are both U.S. states that rely on farming, so the economies of these states must be the same.
*8. I know about twenty-five students at the university who like The Shins. Therefore, The Shins must be popular among college students.
9. The cause of global climate change is human-caused carbon emissions.
10. Ellie is a college student who will graduate in four years; therefore all college students should graduate in four years.
*11. I did well on that test because I was wearing my lucky shirt that day.
12. The reason there are so many teenage pregnancies is that kids don’t get enough information at school about sex.
13. One student says, “I think that our professor is going to be a good teacher.” The other replied, “Oh, I don’t think so. Did you hear that he dodged the draft during the Vietnam War?”
14. A syllogism is a form of formal logic because it uses formal structures of logic.
15. It started raining right before I got into the car, so I think my accident resulted from the slippery and wet roads.