Draw a cis peptide bond and identify the groups that experience steric interference.

Match the descriptions on the left with the terms on the right. A component of cytochromes Binds O2 Contains iron in the Fe() state Found in muscle only A. methemoglobin B. myoglobin C. hemoglobin D....

The following data (using arbitrary units) were obtained for the transmembrane movements of compounds A and B from outside to inside a cell: Which compound enters the cell by mediated transport?...

How long would it take 100 molecules of valinomycin to transport enough K+ to change the concentration inside an erythrocyte of volume 100 m3 by 10 mM?

Answer yes or no to the following questions and explain your answer. (a) Can the absolute value of G for a reaction be larger than G? (b) Can G for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction be greater than G for...

The catalytic behavior of an enzyme may depend on ionizable amino acids. Therefore, a change in pH may influence an enzyme's catalytic behavior. How can you tell whether pH affects substrate binding...

What does an H+/P ratio measure? Why would it be impractical to determine an H+/P ratio?

Match the following enzyme or other molecule with its location: Pyruvate dehydrogenase 3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase A Cytosol Flavoprotein dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Cytochrome c...

Calculate (G( for the oxidation of free FADH2 by O2. What is the maximum number of ATPs that can be synthesized, assuming standard conditions and 100% conservation of energy?

Estimate the minimum reduction potential for P680. Estimate the maximum reduction potential for ferredoxin. Explain your answers.

Match each term on the left with its description on the right. Bile acid A. Helps bind lipase to the lipid-water interface Intestinal fatty acid B. Hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield binding protein...

The first three steps of β oxidation (Fig. 20-12) chemically resemble three successive steps of the citric acid cycle. Which steps are these? In Figure 20-12 Fatty acyl-CoA ETF ubiquinone...

Match the metabolic function below with the appropriate pathway(s). A. Glycolysis B. Pentose phosphate pathway C. Gluconeogenesis D. Fatty acid oxidation E. Glycogen synthesis F. Amino acid...

The small intestine catabolizes amino acids, producing significant amounts of NH4+. Describe the metabolic fate of the NH4+

The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes terminate in a G-rich single- stranded overhang that can fold up on itself to form a fourstranded structure. In this structure, four guanine residues assume a...

Which eukaryotic DNA polymerase is most likely responsible for the following activities: (a) Synthesizing the leading strand, (b) Synthesizing the lagging strand, (c) Synthesizing mitochondrial DNA,...

A diploid species has four chromosomes per set for a total of eight chromosomes in its somatic cells. Draw the cell as it would look in late prophase of meiosis II and prophase of mitosis. Discuss...

In Shorthorn cattle, coat color is controlled by a single gene that can exist as a red allele (R) or white allele (r). The heterozygotes (Rr) have a color called roan that looks less red than the RR...

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait in humans. If a heterozygous woman has children with an unaffected man, what is the probability of the following combinations of children? A. An affected son...

In the pedigree shown here for a trait determined by a single gene (affected individuals are shown in black), state whether it would be possible for the trait to be inherited in each of the following...

Recessive maternal effect genes are identified in flies (for example) when a phenotypically normal mother cannot produce any normal offspring. Because all of the offspring are dead, this female fly...

On rare occasions, people are born with a condition known as uniparental disomy. It happens when an individual inherits both copies of a chromosome from one parent and no copies from the other...

Three recessive traits in garden pea plants are as follows: yellow pods are recessive to green pods, bluish green seedlings are recessive to green seedlings, creeper (a plant that cannot stand up) is...

Using the pedigree shown here, answer the following questions for individual VI-1: A. Is this individual inbred? B. If so, who are her common ancestor(s)? C. Calculate the inbreeding coefficient for...

A family pedigree is shown here. A. What is the inbreeding coefficient for individual IV-2? Who is/are her common ancestors? B. Based on the data shown in this pedigree, is individual III-4 inbred?...

Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent....

Let's suppose the mutation rate for converting a B allele into a b allele is 10-4. The current allele frequencies are B = 0.6 and b = 0.4. How long will it take for the allele frequencies to equal...

Among a large population of 2 million gray mosquitoes, one mosquito is heterozygous for a body color gene; this mosquito has one gray allele and one blue allele. There is no selective advantage or...

In a donor population, the allele frequencies for the common (HbA) and sickle cell (Hbs) alleles are 0.9 and 0.1, respectively. A group of 550 individuals migrates to a new population containing...

Many beautiful varieties of roses have been produced, particularly in the last few decades. These newer varieties often have very striking and showy flowers, making them desirable as horticultural...

In a fairly large population of people living in a commune in the southern United States, everyone cares about good nutrition. All of the members of this population eat very nutritious foods, and...

Discuss whether a natural population of wolves or a domesticated population of German shepherds is more likely to have a higher heritability for the trait of size.

If an r value equals 0.5 and N = 4, would you conclude that a positive correlation is found between the two variables? Explain your answer. What if N = 500?

What does it mean when a correlation coefficient is negative? Can you think of examples?

An animal breeder had a herd of sheep with a mean weight of 254 pounds at 3 years of age. He chose animals with mean weights of 281 pounds as parents for the next generation. When these offspring...

The trait of blood pressure in humans has a frequency distribution that is similar to a normal distribution. The following graph shows the ranges of blood pressures for a selected population of...

In one strain of cabbage, you conduct an RFLP analysis of head weight; you determine that seven QTLs affect this trait. In another strain of cabbage, you find that only four QTLs affect this trait....

The average thorax length in a Drosophila population is 1.01 mm. You want to practice selective breeding to make larger Drosophila. To do so, you choose 10 parents (5 males and 5 females) of the...

Which of the following examples is likely to be caused by a somatic mutation? A. A purple flower has a small patch of white tissue. B. One child, in a family of seven, is an albino. C. One apple...

What is meant by the term molecular clock? How is this concept related to the neutral theory of evolution?

In bacteria, researchers have isolated strains that carry mutations within tRNA genes. These mutations can change the sequence of the anticodon. For example, a normal tRNAlrpgene would encode a tRNA...

To identify the following types of genetic occurrences, would a program use sequence recognition, pattern recognition, or both? A. Whether a segment of Drosophila DNA contains a P element (which is a...

Two techniques commonly used to study the expression patterns of genes that play a role in development are Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. As described in Chapter 20, Northern blotting...

Describe the relationship between each of the following pairs: molecules and cells, tissues and organs, organs and organ systems.

In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness can threaten the maintenance of homeostasis, requiring treatment. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) Body...

Answer the following questions with respect to the presented micrograph (80x). (a) Identify the organ depicted, (b) What type of tissue is depicted (green arrow, yellow arrow)? (c) To what cell does...

Explain how the structure of simple squamous epithelium provides its function.

Explain how hormones can be grouped on the basis of their chemical composition.

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? a. Uterine contractions increase as labor progresses. b. Insulin decreases blood sugar levels after a meal is eaten. c. Sweating increases...

Explain why the skin is sometimes referred to as the integumentary system?

Which of the following is not true of white blood cells? a. Formed in red bone marrow b. Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide c. Can leave the bloodstream and enter tissues d. Can fight disease and...

Name the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb?

Can you identify the structures of a neuron in Figure 13Aa and b?

Which is a correct sequence that ends with the stage that implants? a. Morula, blastocyst. embryonic disk, gastrula b. Ovulation. fertilization, cleavage, morula, earty blastocyst c. Embryonic disk,...

The homologous chromosomes align independently at the equator during meiosis so a. All possible combinations of alleles can occur in the gametes. b. Only the parental combinations of gametes can...

Calcium levels in Mr. Gallariani's blood are dropping to dangerously low levels. The hormone PTH is released and soon blood calcium levels begin to rise. Shortly after, PTH release slows. Is this an...

Differentiate between primary and secondary active transport processes.

You go to the beach to swim on an extremely hot, sunny summer ClinicAL afternoon. Describe two ways in which your integumentary system acts to preserve homeostasis during your outing.

Name two types of uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints.

David Norris, an engineering student, has been working in a nightclub to earn money to pay for his education. After about eight months, he notices that he is having problems hearing high-pitched...

How does the control of blood flow to the skin for the purpose of regulating body temperature differ from the control of nutrient blood flow to skin cells?

A 60-year-old man is unable to walk more than 100 yards without experiencing severe pain in his left leg; the pain is relieved by resting for 5-10 minutes. He is told that the arteries of his leg are...

A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of diarrhea and watery feces occurring over the last three days. The baby has sunken fontanelles, indicating extreme dehydration. Tests indicate that...

What is the protective value of having several sets of tonsils at the oral entry to the pharynx?

Compare and contrast amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling as to the time at which they can be performed and the techniques used to obtain information on the fetus's genetic status.

Define each of the following terms and describe where in or on the body you may find such microbes: -Obligate aerobes anaerobes -Facultative anaerobes aerotolerant anaerobes

Based upon data from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP): a. Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: Babies are born sterile. b. Define microbial antagonism, and discuss...

Draw a model of ATP synthase in three dimensions, showing how it works. Where in the mitochondrion does the ATP supply collect?

a. Explain the relationship between herd immunity and the development of influenzal pandemics. b. Why will herd immunity be lacking if antigenic shift or drift occurs?

What would be the result (in terms of protein synthesis) if RNA polymerase initiated transcription one base upstream of its normal starting point? Why? What would be the result (in terms of protein...

Most medically useful antibiotics interfere with either peptidoglycan synthesis or ribosome function. Why would the cytoplasmic membrane be a poor target for antibacterial medications?

How are acute, chronic, and latent infections different?

Malthus originally suggested that the population of England would collapse because they could not continue to increase their production of food. Why did this not happen?

Cite evidence indicating that both heredity and environment contribute to the development of children with PKU and Down syndrome.

How does poverty affect the functioning of the family system, placing all aspects of development at risk?

Referring to ecological systems theory (see Chapter 1, pages 26-29), explain why parents of children with genetic disorders often experience increased stress. What factors, within and beyond the...

Amy, two months pregnant, wonders how the embryo is being fed and what parts of the body have formed. "I don't look pregnant yet, so does that mean not much development has taken place?" she asks....

Which learning capacities contribute to an infant's first social relationships? Explain, providing examples.

At age 14 months, Reggie built a block tower and gleefully knocked it down. But at age 2, he called to his mother and pointed proudly at his tall block tower. What explains this change in Reggie's...

Three-year-old Will understands that his tricycle isn't alive and can't feel or move on its own. But at the beach, while watching the sun dip below the horizon, Will exclaimed, "The sun is tired....

Which child-rearing style is most likely to be associated with inductive discipline, and why?

Select one of the following health problems of middle childhood: obesity, myopia, bedwetting, asthma, or unintentional injuries. Explain how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to it.

How can bilingual education promote ethnic minority children's cognitive and academic development?

What changes in parent-child and teacher-child relationships are likely to help rejected children?

How does emotional self-regulation improve in middle childhood? What implications do these advances have for children's self-esteem?

Butterflies, which are ectothermic and diurnal, are found from the tropical rain forest to the Arctic. They can elevate their body temperatures by basking in sunlight. How would the percentage of...

Draw the structure of Lys and Ala linked by an isopeptide bond.

Shown below are the biochemical fractionation and purification of an enzyme. Fill in the table on the next page with the values for specific activity and fold purification, and answer the...

Aerobic organisms transfer electrons from reduced fuel molecules to O2, forming H2O. Some anaerobic organisms use nitrate (NO3-) as an acceptor for electrons from reduced fuel molecules. Use the...

The half-reactions involved in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction and their standard reduction potentials are Calculate (G at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the...

A cross is made between a pea plant that has constricted pods (a recessive trait; smooth is dominant) and is heterozygous for seed color (yellow is dominant to green) and a plant that is heterozygous...

A sex-influenced trait is dominant in males and causes bushy tails. The same trait is recessive in females. Fur color is not sex influenced. Yellow fur is dominant to white fur. A true-breeding...

The ability to roll your tongue is inherited as a recessive trait. The frequency of the rolling allele is approximately 0.6, and the dominant (nonrolling) allele is 0.4. What is the frequency of...

In your own words, explain the meaning of the term heritability. Why is a heritability value valid only for a particular population of individuals raised in a particular environment?

A large amount of research is aimed at studying mutation. However, there is not an infinite amount of research money. Where would you put your money for mutation research? A. Testing of potential...

Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.

Describe the neuromuscular junction.

Define refractory period.

Explain the specificity of a hormone for its target cell.

Describe the primary functions of lymph.