HAART, or highly active antiretroviral therapy, is currently recommended for the treatment of HIV and involves the administration of three or more medicines at one time. Explain why this combined...

State whether each of the following statements reflects the Western worldview, the deep ecology worldview, or both. Explain your answers. a. Species exist to be used by humans. b. All organisms,...

A true-breeding rooster with a rose comb, feathered shanks, and cock-feathering was crossed to a hen that is true-breeding for pea comb and unfeathered shanks but is heterozygous for hen-feathering....

Define the terms redundancy and wobble in terms of gene expression; using your knowledge of these processes, provide another mRNA sequence that could be used to synthesize the same protein as that in...

Summarize the method used by most companies to manufacture influenza vaccine today, providing one clear advantage and one disadvantage of this process.

a. Provide at least three examples of noncellular infectious agents that do not display typical viral morphology. b. Of these examples, explain which are associated with the development of human...

Describe a typical 4-year-old's understanding of mental activities, noting both strengths and limitations.

a. Summarize how bacterial and eukaryotic cells differ in gene structure as well as the processes involved in gene expression. b. A new organism was identified by members of your lab. DNA analysis...

a. Explain why desiccation and cold are not reliable methods of disinfection. Discuss how food poisoning can occur through the consumption of frozen food that has been properly stored prior to...

Lizzie knows that if you have difficulty learning part of a task, you should devote extra attention to that part. But she plays each of her piano pieces from beginning to end instead of practicing...

Use your knowledge of DNA recombination events to complete the following: a. Propose two ways in which antibiotic resistance may develop in a bacterium. b. Explain how transposable elements may be...

Spruce trees, members of the genus Picea, occur throughout the boreal forest and on mountains farther south. For example, spruce grow in the Rocky Mountains south from the heart of boreal forest all...

Sensitive care can help preterm infants recover, but they are less likely than full-term newborns to receive such care. Explain why.

Write a balanced equation for the oxidation of ubiquinol by cytochrome c. Calculate G' and for the recation.

Compare and contrast the terms bactericidal and bacteristatic in relation to microbial control agents. Develop a simple experimental method that could be used to test whether a control agent exhibits...

a. Sketch the basic structure of both a nonenveloped and an enveloped virus, labeling all parts. b. Discuss the validity of the following statement: The viral capsid and envelope only provide...

Summarize the goal of the Human Genome Project and discuss three new fields of science that have developed from this research.

a. Provide one example of an oncogenic virus and explain the unique properties of its multiplication cycle that allow it to trigger the development of cancer. b. Compare and contrast the processes of...

If you had a protein X, which is a soluble enzyme found inside the peroxisome, and you wished to separate it from a similar protein Y, which is an enzyme found embedded in the mitochondrial membrane,...

Provide examples of at least three different structures used for bacterial attachment and explain which are useful in the formation of bioflms.

a. Describe the process of spore formation and explain how a single fungal spore can lead to the development of a mature mycelium. b. Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus. Explain what is meant by...

Compare and contrast main characteristics of the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. a. Create a branched-tree diagram showing the evolutionary relationship among the three domains...

A microbe has been found in the boiling hot waters of a deep ocean hydrothermal vent. It cannot be readily stained or cultured in the laboratory, but its rRNA has just been sequenced and analyzed. a....

What type of early parenting fosters the development of emotional self-regulation, secure attachment, and self-control? Why, in each instance, is it effective?

What aspect of behaviorism made it attractive to critics of psychoanalytic theory? How did Piaget's theory respond to a major limitation of behaviorism?

The heritability for egg weight in a group of chickens on a farm in Maine is 0.95. Are the following statements regarding heritability true or false? If a statement is false, explain why. A. The...

Compare the energy cost, in ATP equivalents, of synthesizing stearate from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA to the energy recovered by degrading stearate to CO2.

Describe emotionally reactive and easy-going children's differential susceptibility to rearing experiences. Why are emotionally reactive children who receive warm, supportive parenting at especially...

If you assume the average length of linker DNA is 50 bp, approximately how many nucleosomes are found in the haploid human genome, which contains 3 billion bp?

Many amino acid biosynthetic operons under attenuation control are also under negative control. Considering that the environment of a bacterium can be highly dynamic, what advantage could be...

Conduct additional research and provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: All forms of gene therapy used today result in heritable changes.

Explain the adaptive value of rough-and-tumble play and dominance hierarchies.

a. Compare and contrast passive and active forms of transport, providing an example of a molecule transported by each and the basic requirements of each process. b. Describe the process used by a...

When methane is made from CO2 (plus H2) or from methanol (in the absence of H2), various steps in the metabolic pathways are shared in common. Compare and contrast methanogenesis from these two...

a. List two common electron carriers used in biological cells and summarize the role they play in the production of ATP. b. Based upon the information in table, explain which type or types of enzyme...

Compare the structure and functions of DNA and RNA.

The study of protein synthesis often uses a cell-free system where cells are ground with an abrasive to release the cell contents and then filtered to remove the abrasive. These materials are added...

a. Viewing a prepared slide of a blood smear with a brightfield microscope, you visualize relatively few large stained cells that contain a rounded nucleus. Upon closer inspection, you note the lack...

a. List the three stages of a complete helminth life cycle and define the role of a definitive host and an intermediate host within this process. b. Discuss at least three major structural...

a. List four characteristics of an enzyme and explain the role each plays in an enzymes catalytic activity. b. Diagram an enzyme-substrate reaction involving an apoenzyme, making sure to label the...

Cellulose is treated with methanol, which methylates free anomeric carbons. (a) How many methyl groups would be incorporated per cellulose chain? (b) Cellulose is treated with dimethyl sulfate, which...

a. Describe the chemical properties of ATP that make it suitable as metabolic money within a biological cell. b. Compare and contrast the processes of substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative...

Most biosynthetic operons need only be under negative control for effective regulation, whereas most catabolic operons need to be under both negative and positive control. Why?

a. Describe three means of motility exhibited by protozoans. b. Briefly outline the characteristics of the four protozoan groups, listing at least one important pathogen in each group.

a. Define the term RFLP. Explain how RFLPs are created and why they are useful in DNA analysis. b. In the following DNA profile, identify the pathogen that is making the two patients ill and explain...

During constant flight, hummingbirds expend about 2.9 kJ / hr, relying on fat oxidation as an energy source. (a) Calculate the gms of fat necessary to sustain a 20-hr nonstop flight. (b) If the birds...

Bombarding a suspension of mitochondria with high-frequency sound waves (sonication) produces submitochondrial particles derived from the inner mitochondrial membrane. These membranous vesicles seal...

Propose a hypothesis to explain how bacteria and archaea could have, together, given rise to eukaryotes.

As you learned in chapter 8, many types of fruits and vegetables can be fermented into alcoholic beverages. Such was the case recently when prisoners in Utah attempted to make an illegal beverage...

A mixture of four -[32P]-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates was added to permeabilized bacterial cells undergoing DNA replication in the presence of an RNA polymerase inhibitor, and incorporation...

Based on the following image: a. Explain where the charges should be applied to this gel in order for the DNA samples to migrate properly. b. Identify the largest DNA fragment in sample 5. Explain...

Sketch a molecule of double- stranded DNA, and explain each of the following: a. Proper nitrogenous base-pairing between the strands b. Proper orientation of the strands c. Proper positioning of the...

What attachment pattern did Timmy display when Vanessa picked him up from child care, and what factors probably contributed to it?

a. Compare the main reactions of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation in a diagram. b. What are the final electron acceptors in aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentative...

Why would the laser tweezers be a method superior to dilution and liquid enrichment for obtaining an organism present in a sample in low numbers?

Take a look at the multiple sequence alignment in Figure 23.10 of the globin polypeptides from amino acids 101 to 148. A. Which of these amino acids are likely to be most important for globin...

a. Outline the main steps in cloning a gene, explaining how horizontal gene transfer is used in this process. b. Describe one method used to determine whether a bacterial culture has received a...

The concentration of glucose in your circulatory system is maintained near 5.0 mM by the actions of the pancreatic hormones glucagon and insulin. Glucose is imported into cells by protein...

Discuss the factors that enable the development of healthcare-associated infections. Explain which infection-control measures have been implemented successfully to decrease the spread of these...

Draw a transition state diagram of (a) a nonenzymatic reaction and the corresponding enzyme-catalyzed reaction in which (b) S binds loosely to the enzyme and (c) S binds very tightly to the enzyme....

A protein gives a single band on SDS gel electrophoresis, as shown in lanes 1 and 2 below. There is little if any effect from adding β -mercaptoethanol (BME) to the sample; if anything,...

From chapter 7, figure 7.12. Describe the likely metabolic strategies of the microbes growing in tubes 1 through 4. Specify the pathways, final electron acceptor, and end products. XAMI

Using the DNA sequence in question 6, illustrate and explain the following mutations: a. A deletion b. An insertion c. A substitution d. A nonsense mutation e. A frameshift mutation

Select two of the following features of preoperational thought: egocentrism, a focus on perceptual appearances, difficulty reasoning about transformations, and lack of hierarchical classification....

a. Explain how the anamnestic response is triggered by vaccination. b. Conduct additional research and discuss one current example illustrating how lack of herd immunity within a population has led...

In hemoglobin Rainier, Tyr 145 is replaced by Cys, which forms a disulfide bond with another Cys residue in the same subunit. This prevents the formation of ion pairs that normally stabilize the T...

You will need to understand solved problem S4 to answer this question. The gene for coat color in rabbits can exist in four alleles termed C (full coat color), cch (chinchilla), ch (Himalayan), and c...

a. Describe how the immune system distinguishes foreign cells from cells deemed as self. b. Type I diabetes may be triggered by immune cells attacking ones own insulin-secreting pancreatic cells....

A rat liver cytosol preparation is incubated with acetate and all cofactors necessary for the biosynthesis of palmitate. Which carbon atoms of palmitate will be isotopically labeled when the...

In another key reaction in glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is isomerized into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP): Because Go is positive, the equilibrium lies to the lef. a. Calculate the...

Explain why it is advisable for an Rh woman who has had an abortion, miscarriage, or an ectopic pregnancy to be immunized against the Rh factor.

The Na+/glucose symport transports glucose from the lumen of the small intestine into cells lining the lumen. Transport of 1 glucose molecule is directly coupled to the transport of 1 Na+ ion into...

DNA replication is fast, virtually error-free, and coordinated with cell division. Discuss which of these three features you think is the most important.

Draw Haworth projections for the following: In α-furanose form. Name the sugar. (a) (b) The l isomer of (a) (c) α -D-GlcNAc (d) α -D-Fructofuranose CHOO...

a. Explain which have a greater impact on immune function and patient health: T- cell deficiencies or B- cell deficiencies. b. A patient in your unit exhibits frequent bouts of microbial infections...

a. An outbreak of cholera occurred in Haiti following a devastating earthquake in 2010. Based upon your knowledge of the bacterium involved, discuss the factors that may have allowed for the outbreak...

Assume that you have been given the job of developing a colony of germ-free chickens. a. What will be the main steps in this process? b. What possible experiments can you do with these animals?

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease caused by T cells attacking healthy tissue. When diagnosed in early childhood, the treatment often involves the removal of the thymus. Discuss why this...

a. Outline the steps of cellular reactions in response to an antigen. b. You have developed a new treatment for type I allergic responses in your laboratory. This new therapeutic approach completely...

Jack and Jill were badly burned in an accident at the well and both were taken to the burn unit of the local hospital. The burns covered only a small area of skin so grafts were prepared for both...

How can adults continue to function relatively normally after surgery to remove the thymus, tonsils, spleen, or lymph nodes?

a. Inammation is characterized by heat, pain, redness, and swelling. Discuss the vascular changes that lead to the development of these signs and symptoms. b. Construct a paragraph explaining how...

How does regulation by sRNA differ from that of riboswitches?

The base composition of an RNA virus was analyzed and found to be 14.1% A, 14.0% U, 36.2% G, and 35.7% C. Would you conclude that the viral genetic material is single-stranded RNA or double-stranded...

ATP is synthesized from ADP, Pi, and a proton on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. We will refer to the matrix side as the "inside" of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). a. H+...

Summarize the role of the immune system in the development of type I diabetes. Propose a strategy that could be used to protect young children from developing an autoimmune reaction, and subsequently...

Given the way capillary blood flow is regulated, do you think it is wiser to rest or to exercise following a heavy meal? Cite a reason for your answer.

How does a methanotroph differ from a methanogen? Which pathway for C1 assimilation found in methanotrophs is most energetically efficient and why?

a. Summarize how T cells are stimulated by antigen, and compare this process with how B cells are activated. b. Define the term tolerance, and explain whether it is necessary for effective humoral...

Cognition and language are interrelated. List examples of how cognition fosters language development. Next, list examples of how language fosters cognitive development.

Glycine hydrochloride (Cl-H3N+ CH2 COOH) is a diprotic acid that contains a carboxylic acid group and an ammonium group and is therefore called an amino acid. It is often used in biochemical buffers....

a. Explain why white cells but not red cells are normally found in lymph. b. Explain why swollen lymph nodes are often indicative of a microbial infection.

Design an experiment to solve the following problem. Determine the rate of methanogenesis (CO2 + 4 H2 S CH4 + 2H2O) in anoxic lake sediments and whether or not it is H2-limited. Also, determine the...

a. A young man presents to his primary care physician with genital lesions and he is told that he has herpes. He refuses to believe this diagnosis because he is in a long-standing relationship with a...

Glycogen phosphorylase is activated in vigorously active muscle without significant changes in intracellular [cAMP]. Explain.

1. What direct tests will be performed on the stool sample? 2. What culture and isolation tests will be performed on the stool sample? 3. What other tests may be performed after isolating Salmonella...

The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose: This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process, with Go = + 13.8 kJ/mol. a. In a liver cell at 37C the concentrations of both...

Scenario: It has been a week since your bout of Salmonella food poisoning, and you may never look at an egg salad sandwich the same way again. Your fever has gone down, youre starting to feel better,...

Reviewing drug characteristics choose an antimicrobial for each of the following situations (explain your choice): a. For an adult patient suffering from Mycoplasma pneumonia b. For a child with...

Summarize the role microbes play in the cycling of carbon, and discuss their possible influence on global warming.