Trace one drop of blood from the time it enters the right atrium until it enters the left atrium. What is this circuit called?

Hannah, a newborn baby, needs surgery because she was born with an aorta that arises from the right ventricle and a pulmonary trunk that issues from the left ventricle, a condition called...

Gabriel, a heroin addict, feels tired, is weak and feverish, and has vague aches and pains. Terrified that he has AIDS, he goes to a doctor and is informed that he is suffering not from AIDS, but...

(a) Define blood pressure. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (b) What is the normal blood pressure value for an adult?

Is there anything I can do about my overwhelming fatigue?

What are the side effects of the drugs that are used to prevent attacks? Why should I take drugs that have side effects? How do the side effects compare?

What is the future?

What do you suppose the world would be like if there were cures for all infectious diseases and a means to destroy all microbes? What characteristics of microbes would prevent this from happening?

What is required to kill endospores? How do you suppose archaeologists were able to date some spores as being thousands (or millions) of years old?

a. How are bacterial endospores and cysts of protozoa alike? b. How do they differ?

Give reasons most humans are not constantly battling fungal infections, considering how prevalent fungi are in the environment.

Describe a habitat where you would find a psychrophile, and one where you would find a hyperthermophile. How can these organisms survive under such harsh conditions?

The gene encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli is said to be orthologous to the rpoB gene of Bacillus subtilis. What does that mean about the relationship between the two...

Transposable elements cause mutations when inserted within a gene. These elements disrupt the continuity of a gene. Introns also disrupt the continuity of a gene, yet the gene is still functional....

How has metagenomics been used to find novel useful products?

Many genetic systems use the lacZ gene encoding -galactosidase as a reporter. What advantages or problems would there be if (a) luciferase or (b) green fluorescent protein were used instead of...

Why are SSU rRNA genes good choices for phylogenetic studies, and what are their limitations?

Why might H2 metabolism have evolved as a mechanism for energy conservation in the earliest organisms on Earth?

Compare and contrast the use of FISH and phylochips for enumerating microbial cells in natural environments. What advantages and limitations do each of these methods have?

Healthcare environments are conducive to the spread of infectious diseases. Review the reasons for the enhanced spread of infection in healthcare facilities. What are the sources of most...

Mathematical If you have 100 mL of a 0.10 M TRIS buffer at pH 8.3 (Table 2.8) and you add 3.0 mL of 1 M HCl, what will be the new pH?

What is the purpose of the Human Genome Project? Why do researchers want to know the details of the human genome?

Compare and contrast the pathways of fatty-acid breakdown and biosynthesis. What features do these two pathways have in common? How do they differ?

What is the difference between a G protein and a receptor tyrosine kinase? Give an example of a hormone that uses each.

Which solution is more acidic, one with a pH of 4 or a pH of 5? What is the concentration of H+ ions in each? The concentration of OH- ions?

Compare and contrast ABC transport systems with group translocation.

Give two reasons why the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is medically significant.

Compare and contrast penicillin and lysozyme.

Describe how a plasmid can help a cell.

How is an organ different from tissue?

How is receptor-mediated endocytosis different from phagocytosis?

How does the process of binary fission relate to the generation time?

What properties of agar make it ideal for use in culture media?

To identify the causative agent of a given illness, a pure culture is often needed. How is a streak plate used to obtain a pure culture?

Explain what occurs during each of the five phases of growth.

Explain how the environment of a colony differs from that of cells growing in a liquid broth.

List the five categories of optimum temperature, and describe a corresponding environment in which a representative might thrive.

Explain why O2-containing atmospheres kill some microbes.

Distinguish between a selective medium and a differential medium.

Why would a hospital require a more stringent level of microbial control than daily home life?

Why would a biological indicator be better than other indicators to determine if the sterilization procedure was effective?

Explain why it takes longer to kill a population of 109 cells than it does to kill a population of 103 cells.

This graph shows the time it takes to kill populations of the same microorganism under different conditions. What conditions would explain the differences in lines a, b, and c?

When canning, why are low-acid foods processed at higher temperatures than high-acid foods?

How is an iodophore different from a tincture of iodine?

Why is it difficult to calculate the actual maximum ATP yield of respiration in a prokaryotic cell?

Energy is required to reverse the flow of the electron transport chain. Why would this be so?

A worker in a cheese-making facility argues that whey, a nutrient-rich by-product of cheese, should be dumped in a nearby pond where it could serve as fish food. Explain why this proposed action...

Chemolithotrophs near hydrothermal vents support a variety of other life-forms there. Explain how their role is analogous to that of photosynthetic organisms in terrestrial environments.

What are the base-pairing rules?

This diagram shows the filter paper method used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of chemical agents, heavy metals, and antibiotics on bacterial growth. A culture of a test bacterium is spread...

Distinguish between photoreactivation and excision repair of thymine dimers.

Describe fungal symbiotic relationships with algae, green plants, and insects, and explain how the relationships benefit each partner.

Compare and contrast the activated sludge process and the trickling filter system used in secondary treatment of wastewater.

Calculate your individual ecological footprint online. (Search for "ecological footprint.") Are you living sustainably? Suggest two things that you could do to lower your ecological footprint.

What are ecosystem services? How do ecosystem services provided by forests compare to those provided by coasts?

How are bidirectional influences between parent and child involved in the impact of malnutrition on psychological development? After her adoption, how did those influences change for Grace?

Review research on emotional self-regulation on pages 252-253. How do the caregiving experiences of securely attached infants promote the development of emotional self-regulation?

Explain how findings on ethnic and gender differences in temperament illustrate gene-environment correlation, discussed on page 84 in Chapter 2.

How are experiences that best support preschoolers' gross-motor development consistent with experience-expectant brain growth of the early years. (Return to page169in Chapter 5 to review.)

Cite ways that parenting contributes to preschoolers' self-concept, self-esteem, emotional understanding, emotional self-regulation, self-conscious emotions, and empathy and sympathy. Do you see any...

Cite examples of how metalinguisticawareness fosters school-age children's language progress.

Cite evidence indicating that school-age children view the mind as an active, constructive agent.

How do cultural values, parent and teacher communication, and attribution styles affectself-esteem in middle childhood?

When children must testify in court cases, what factors increase the chances of accurate reporting?

Te weak acid HA is 2% ionized (dissociated) in a 0.20 M solution. a. What is Ka for this acid b. What is the pH of this solution?

pppApCpCpUpApGpApU-OH a. Using the straight-chain sugar convention shown on page 77, write the structure of the DNA strand that encoded this short stretch of RNA. b. Using the simplest convention for...

Sickle-cell disease is caused by a so-called point mutation in the human -globin gene. A point mutation is the result of a single base substitution in the DNA encoding a gene. The sickle-cell...

4. The melanocyte-stimulating peptide hormone a- melanotropin has the following sequence: Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val a. Write the sequence using the one-letter abbreviations....

Figure 8.19 shows a proposed mechanism for carboxypeptidase A. In Figure 8.19 a. What is the role of Glu 270 in catalysis? b. What is the role of Arg 145 in catalysis? Bond cleavage NH (R145) 0 Rn...

The same enzyme as in Problem 14 is studied in the presence of a different inhibitor (inhibitor B). In this case, two different concentrations of inhibitor are used. Data are as follows: a. What kind...

Assume a pH gradient of 4.0 units across a thylakoid membrane, with the lumen more acidic than the stroma. (a) What is the standard free energy change per mol of protons associated with this gradient...

What is the role of Zn2+ in carbonic anhydrase?

What are the roles of Glu 35 and and Asp 52? What is the role of water in catalysis?

For an enzymatic reaction, draw curves that show the appropriate relationships between the variables in each plot below. ESI IPI Time Time EIT

How does pertussis toxin inhibit phospholipase C?

Compare the energy cost, in ATP equivalents, of synthesizing stearate from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA to the energy recovered by degrading stearate to acetyl-CoA.

Explain why protein degradation by proteasomes requires ATP even though proteolysis is an exergonic process.

The bacterial enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is a 3 S exoribonuclease that degrades mRNA. (a) The enzyme catalyzes a phosphorolysis reaction, as does glycogen phosphorylase (Section...

A human gene called the -globin gene encodes a polypeptide that functions as a subunit of the protein known as hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is found within red blood cells; it carries oxygen. In human...

A cross was made between two pea plants, TtAa and Ttaa, where T = tall, t - dwarf, A = axial, and a = terminal. What is the probability that the first three offspring will be tall with axial flowers...

Conjugation is sometimes called "bacterial mating." Is it a form of sexual reproduction? Explain.

What is the role of the origin of transfer during F+ - and Hfr- mediated conjugation? What is the significance of the direction of transfer in Hfr-mediated conjugation?

A phenotypically normal individual has the following combinations of abnormal chromosomes: The normal chromosomes are shown on the left of each pair. Suggest a series of events (breaks,...

What is a biological control agent? Briefly describe two examples.

Describe the technique of in situ hybridization. Explain how it can be use to map genes.

From a biological viewpoint, speculate as to why many traits seem to fit a normal distribution. Students with a strong background in math and statistics may want to explain how a normal distribution...

As described in Chapter 15 (Figures 15.7 and 15.8), certain regulatory transcription factors bind to DNA and activate RNA polymerase II. When glucocorticoid binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (a...

In Chapter 22, we learned about a technique called fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), during which a labeled piece of DNA is hybridized to a set of chromosomes. Let's suppose that we cloned a...

In which of the ribosomal sites, the A site, P site, and/or E site, could the following be found? A. A tRNA without an amino acid attached B. A tRNA with a polypeptide attached C. A tRNA with a...

What is a totipotent cell? In the following examples, which cells would be totipotent? A. Humans B. Corn C. Yeast D. Bacteria

Briefly describe the method of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChlP-Seq). How is it used to determine nucleosome positions within a genome?

What is homeostasis, and why is it important? Give some examples that show how systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

Which of the following is not a goal of the inflammatory reaction? a. Brings more oxygen to damaged tissues. b. Decreases blood toss from a wound. c. Decreases the number of white blood cells in the...

What is the role of heredity and the environment in causing cancer?