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biostatistics

Questions and Answers of Biostatistics

Oexle et al. (A-7) calculated the negative predictive value of a test for carriers of X-linked ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD—a disorder of the urea cycle). A test known as the
In an article entitled “Bucket-Handle Meniscal Tears of the Knee: Sensitivity and Specificity of MRI signs,” Dorsay and Helms (A-6) performed a retrospective study of 71 knees scanned by MRI. One
A medical research team wishes to assess the usefulness of a certain symptom (call it S) in the diagnosis of a particular disease. In a random sample of 775 patients with the disease, 744 reported
Given a negative screening test result (or the absence of a symptom), what is the probability that the subject does not have the disease?
Given a positive screening test (or the presence of a symptom), what is the probability that the subject has the disease?
Given that a subject does not have the disease, what is the probability of a negative test result (or the absence of a symptom)?
Given that a subject has the disease, what is the probability of a positive test result (or the presence of a symptom)?
In a certain population of hospital patients the probability is .35 that a randomly selected patient will have heart disease. The probability is .86 that a patient with heart disease is a smoker.
The probability is .6 that a patient selected at random from the current residents of a certain hospital will be a male. The probability that the patient will be a male who is in for surgery is .2. A
If the probability of left-handedness in a certain group of people is .05, what is the probability of right-handedness (assuming no ambidexterity)?
Laveist and Nuru-Jeter (A-4) conducted a study to determine if doctor–patient race concordance was associated with greater satisfaction with care. Toward that end, they collected a national sample
State the following probabilities in words and calculate:(a) Pð Þ Male \ Split Drugs(b) Pð Þ Male [ Split Drugs(c) Pð Þ Male j Split Drugs(d) P(Male)
Refer to the data in Exercise
Fernando et al. (A-3) studied drug-sharing among injection drug users in the South Bronx in New York City. Drug users in New York City use the term “split a bag” or “get down on a bag” to
In a study of violent victimization of women and men, Porcerelli et al. (A-2) collected information from 679 women and 345 men aged 18 to 64 years at several family practice centers in the
be able to apply Bayes’ theorem when calculating screening test results.
be able to calculate the probability of an event.
understand the properties of probability and selected probability rules.
understand classical, relative frequency, and subjective probability.
Calculate the skewness and kurtosis of the data set. What do they indicate?
Construct side-by-side box-and-whisker plots for the variable of MAGE for women who are and are not married. Do you see a difference in ages in the two groups? Which group has more variability?Are
Construct side-by-side box-and-whisker plots for the variable of TOUNCES for women who admitted to smoking and women who did not admit to smoking. Do you see a difference in birth weight in the two
Construct box-and-whisker plots for all four variables.
Do the histograms for TOUNCES and TGRAMS look strikingly similar? Why?
For each, construct a histogram and comment on the shape of the distribution.
Calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, IQR, and range.
Thilothammal et al. (A-19) designed a study to determine the efficacy of BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine in preventing tuberculous meningitis. Among the data collected on each subject was a
Compute the mean, median, variance, standard deviation, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range. Construct a boxplot of the data. Are the mode, median, and mean equal? If not, explain
Refer to Exercise
Compute the mean, median, variance, standard deviation, first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range. Construct a boxplot of the data. Are the mode, median, and mean equal? If not, explain
Refer to Exercise
Indicate for the following variables which you think would be a better measure of central tendency, the mean, the median, or mode, and justify your choice:(a) Annual incomes of licensed practical
Give a health sciences-related example of a population of measurements for which the median would be a better measure of central tendency than the mean.
Give a health sciences-related example of a population of measurements for which the mean would be a better measure of central tendency than the median.
On a statistics test students were asked to construct a frequency distribution of the blood creatine levels (units/liter) for a sample of 300 healthy subjects. The mean was 95, and the standard
Consider the following possible class intervals for use in constructing a frequency distribution of serum cholesterol levels of subjects who participated in a mass screening:(a) 50–74 (b) 50–74
Your statistics instructor tells you on the first day of class that there will be five tests during the term.From the scores on these tests for each student, the instructor will compute a measure of
Express in words the following properties of the sample mean:(a) Sð Þ x x 2 ¼ a minimum(b) nx ¼ Sx(c) Sð Þ¼ x x 0
Spivack (A-18) investigated the severity of disease associated with C. difficilie in pediatric inpatients.One of the variables they examined was number of days patients experienced diarrhea. The data
The following table shows the age distribution of live births in Albany County, New York, for 2000.Mother’s Age Number of Live Births 10–14 7 15–19 258 20–24 585 25–29 841 30–34 981
Give three synonyms for variation (variability).
The following are the cystatin C levels (mg/L) for the patients described in Exercise 15 (A-17).Cystatin C is a cationic basic protein that was investigated for its relationship to GFR levels. In
Krieser et al. (A-17) examined glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in pediatric renal transplant recipients. GFR is an important parameter of renal function assessed in renal transplant recipients.The
The following table gives the age distribution for the number of deaths in New York State due to accidents for residents age 25 and older.Age (Years)Number of Deaths Due to Accidents 25–34 393
Johnson et al. (A-16) performed a retrospective review of 50 fetuses that underwent open fetal myelomeningocele closure. The data below show the gestational age in weeks of the 50 fetuses undergoing
The purpose of a study by Tam et al. (A-15) was to investigate the wheelchair maneuvering in individuals with lower-level spinal cord injury (SCI) and healthy controls. Subjects used a modified
Find an article in a journal from your field of study in which some measure of central tendency and dispersion have been computed.
Compute the mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exercise 9.
Collect a set of real, or realistic, data from your field of study and construct a frequency distribution, a relative frequency distribution, a histogram, and a frequency polygon.
Describe from your field of study a population of data where knowledge of the central tendency and dispersion would be useful. Obtain real or realistic synthetic values from this population and
What is another name for the 50th percentile (second or middle quartile)?
What is the purpose of Sturges’s rule?
What is the purpose of the coefficient of variation?
Explain the rationale for using n 1 to compute the sample variance.
What are the advantages and limitations of the range as a measure of dispersion?
Define and compare the characteristics of the mean, the median, and the mode.
Define:(a) Stem-and-leaf display (b) Box-and-whisker plot(c) Percentile (d) Quartile(e) Location parameter (f) Exploratory data analysis(g) Ordered array (h) Frequency distribution(i) Relative
In a pilot study, Huizinga et al. (A-14) wanted to gain more insight into the psychosocial consequences for children of a parent with cancer. For the study, 14 families participated in semistructured
The purpose of a study by Nozawa et al. (A-13) was to evaluate the outcome of surgical repair of pars interarticularis defect by segmental wire fixation in young adults with lumbar spondylolysis. The
Cardosi et al. (A-12) performed a 4-year retrospective review of 102 women undergoing radical hysterectomy for cervical or endometrial cancer. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection was observed
According to Starch et al. (A-11), hamstring tendon grafts have been the “weak link” in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. In a controlled laboratory study, they compared two techniques
Butz et al. (A-10) evaluated the duration of benefit derived from the use of noninvasive positivepressure ventilation by patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on symptoms, quality of life, and
Shair and Jasper (A-9) investigated whether decreasing the venous return in young rats would affect ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). Their research showed no significant change in the number of
Porcellini et al. (A-8) studied 13 HIV-positive patients who were treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for at least 6 months. The CD4 T cell counts 106=L at baseline for the
Schmidt et al. (A-6) conducted a study to investigate whether autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood could reduce the number of patients needing homologous blood transfusion and reduce the amount
The objectives of a study by Skjelbo et al. (A-5) were to examine (a) the relationship between chloroguanide metabolism and efficacy in malaria prophylaxis and (b) the mephenytoin metabolism and its
Refer to the ages of patients discussed in Example 1.4.1 and displayed in Table 1.4.1.(a) Use class interval widths of 5 and construct:A frequency distribution A relative frequency distribution A
The following are the emergency room charges made to a sample of 25 patients at two city hospitals.Construct a stem-and-leaf display for each set of data. What does a comparison of the two displays
The following are the ages of 30 patients seen in the emergency room of a hospital on a Friday night.Construct a stem-and-leaf display from these data. Describe these data relative to symmetry and
In a study of physical endurance levels of male college freshman, the following composite endurance scores based on several exercise routines were collected.254 281 192 260 212 179 225 179 181 149
The following are the number of babies born during a year in 60 community hospitals.30 55 27 45 56 48 45 49 32 57 47 56 37 55 52 34 54 42 32 59 35 46 24 57 32 26 40 28 53 54 29 42 42 54 53 59 39 56
The following table shows the number of hours 45 hospital patients slept following the administration of a certain anesthetic.7 10 12 4 8 7 3 8 5 12 11 3 8 1 1 13 10 4 4 5 5 8 77 3 23 8 13 1 7 17 3 4
David Holben (A-4) studied selenium levels in beef raised in a low selenium region of the United States. The goal of the study was to compare selenium levels in the region-raised beef to selenium
Hoekema et al. (A-3) studied the craniofacial morphology of patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in healthy male subjects. One of the demographic variables the researchers
Janardhan et al. (A-2) conducted a study in which they measured incidental intracranial aneurysms(IIAs) in 125 patients. The researchers examined postprocedural complications and concluded that IIAs
In a study of the oral home care practice and reasons for seeking dental care among individuals on renal dialysis, Atassi (A-1) studied 90 subjects on renal dialysis. The oral hygiene status of all
The following data are for the state of Georgia for 1994:Use these data to compute the rates specified in Exercis 14.3.1. Compare the results with those obtained in Exercises 14.3.1 and 14.3.3 where
The following death data (number of deaths per category) are for the state of New York for 2000. Use these data to compute rates and/or ratios of interest. To the extent possible, compare your
The following data (numbers of specified events) are for a specific county in North Carolina for the year 2001. Use these data to compute as many of the rates and ratios mentioned in this chapter as
The following table shows, by age group, deaths in North Carolina during 2001, the estimated population of North Carolina for 2001, and the population of the United States for 2000. Use these data to
In a study of pulmonary effects on guinea pigs, Lacroix et al. (A - 28) exposed 18 ovalbuminsensitized guinea pigs and 18 nonsensitized guinea pigs to regular air, benzaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. At
The goal of a study conducted by Meshack and Norman (A-27) was to evaluate the effects of weights on postural hand tremor related to self-feeding in subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Each of
In Example 8.4.1, we examined data from a study by Licciardone et al. (A-15) on osteopathic manipulation as a treatment for chronic back pain. At the beginning of that study, there were actually 91
Werther et al. (A -26) examined the -leucocyte count in 51 subjects with colorectal cancer and 19 healthy controls. The cancer patients were also classified into Dukes’s classification (A, B, C)
For each of the following designs describe a situation in your particular field of interest where the design would be an appropriate experimental design. Use real or realistic data and do the
What is an ANOVA table?
What is a mean square?
What is interaction?
What is the objective of the randomized complete block design?
What is an experimental unit?
What is the purpose of Tukey’s HSD test?
Describe the factorial experiment as used in the completely randomized design.
Describe the repeated measures design.
Describe the randomized block design.
Describe the completely randomized design.
Define analysis of variance.
Refer to the manual dexterity scores of 500 children with learning disabilities and 500 children with no known learning disabilities (MANDEXT). Select a simple random sample of size 10 from
Refer to the hemoglobin data on 500 children with iron deficiency anemia and 500 apparently healthy children (HEMOGLOB). Select a simple random sample of size 16 from population A and an independent
Refer to the head circumference data of 1000 matched subjects (HEADCIRC). Select a simple random sample of size 20 from the population and perform an appropriate hypothesis test to determine if one
Refer to the prothrombin time data on 1000 infants (PROTHROM). Select a simple random sample of size 16 from each of these populations and conduct an appropriate hypothesis test to determine whether

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