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biostatistics

Questions and Answers of Biostatistics

For the data in Exercise 4.19, add the value 931 and recalculate all the sample values above.
The following cholesterol levels of 10 people were measured in mg/dl: {260, 150, 165, 201, 212, 243, 219, 227, 210, 240}. For this sample:a. Calculate the mean and median.b. Calculate the variance
Did any of the results in Exercise 4.17 come close to 1.0? If one of the players did have a coefficient of dispersion close to 1, what would that suggest about the distribution of his home run counts
For each baseball player in Exercise 4.14, calculate their sample coefficient of dispersion.
For each baseball player in Exercise 4.14, calculate their sample coefficient of variation.
Again using the data for the four home run sluggers in Exercise 4.14, calculate the following measures of dispersion:a. Each player’s sample rangeb. Each player’s sample standard deviationc. Each
Here again are the seasonal home run totals for the four baseball home run sluggers we compared in Chapter 3:McGwire 49, 32, 33, 39, 22, 42, 9, 9, 39, 52, 58, 70, 65, 32 Sosa 4, 15, 10, 8, 33, 25,
Assume you have the following datasets for a sample: {3, 3, 3, 3, 3}; {5, 7, 9, 11}; {4, 7, 8}; {33, 49}a. Compute S and S2.b. Describe the results you obtained.
Using the data from the previous exercise, repeat the calculations by applying the deviation score method; however, assume that the data are for a finite population.
A sample of data was selected from a population: {195, 179, 205, 213, 179, 216, 185, 211}.a. Use the deviation score method and the calculation formula to calculate variance and standard
Here is a dataset for mortality due to work-related injuries among African American women in the United States during 1997: {15–24 years (9); 25–34 years (12); 35–44 years (15); 45–54 years
Find the medians of the following data sets: {8, 7, 3, 5, 3}; {7, 8, 3, 6, 10, 10}.
The table below frequency table showing heights in inches of a sample of female clinic patients. Complete the empty cells in the table and calculate the sample variance by using the formula for
Define the following terms and indicate their applications:a. Coefficient of variationb. Coefficient of dispersion
Distinguish among the following formulas for variance:a. Finite population varianceb. Sample variance (deviation score method)c. Sample variance (deviation score method for grouped data)d. Sample
Giving appropriate examples, explain what is meant by the following statement:“S2m is a biased or unbiased estimator of the parameter 2.”
How are the mean and variance of a distribution affected when:a. A constant is added to every value of a variable?b. Every value of a variable is multiplied by a constant?
Why do statisticians need measures of variability? State in your own words the definitions of the following measures of variability:a. Rangeb. Mean absolute deviationc. Standard deviation
How are the mean, median, and mode interrelated? What considerations lead to the choice of one of these measures of location over another?
What is meant by a measure of location? State in your own words the definitions of the following measures of location:a. Arithmetic meanb. Medianc. Moded. Uni-, bi-, and multimodal distributionse.
In 2001, due to injury, McGwire hit only 29 home runs; Sosa hit 64 home runs; Bonds hit 73 home runs for a new major league record; and Griffey hit 22. Their current career home runs are as
In 1998, Mark McGwire broke Roger Maris’ home run record of 61 by hitting 70 home runs. Incredibly, in the same year Sammy Sosa also broke the record, hitting 66. Again, in 1999 both players broke
In 1961, Roger Maris broke Babe Ruth’s home run record by hitting 61 home runs. Ruth’s record was 60. The following set of numbers is the consecutive list of home run totals that Ruth collected
The FBI gathers data on violent crimes. For 20,000 murders committed over the past few years, the following fictitious data set represents the classification of the weapon used to commit the
The following questions (a-d) refer to the data presented in Table 3.9.a. Construct a frequency table with the class intervals 0–1, 2–3, 4–5, 6–7, 8–9, 10–11, and 12–13.b. Construct a
Classify the following data as either (1) nominal, (2) ordinal, (3) interval, or(4) ratio.a. The names of the patients in a clinical trialb. A person’s weightc. A person’s age in yearsd. A
Construct a stem-and-leaf plot with the data from Exercise 3.11.
Construct a frequency histogram and a cumulative frequency histogram with the data from Exercise 3.11 using the following class intervals: 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69,
Using the data presented in Table 3.8, calculate the mean, median, and quartiles, and construct a box-and-whisker plot.
Consider the following data set: {3, 4, 8, 5, 7, 2, 5, 6, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6, 4, 5}. Determine the median and quartiles, and the minimum and maximum values.
Take the data from Exercise 3.7 and construct a stem-and-leaf plot using the integer part of the number for the stem and the digit to the right of the decimal point for the leaf.
Take the data set from Exercise 3.7 and order the observations from smallest to largest. Determine the lower and the upper quartiles and generate a boxand-whiskers plot for the data using the
Using the data in Table 3.7, construct a frequency table with nine intervals and then calculate the mean and median blood levels.
Refer to the following dataset that shows the class interval (and frequency in parentheses):{0.0–0.4 (20); 0.5–0.9 (30); 1.0–1.4 (50); 1.5–1.9 (40); 2.0–2.4 (10);2.5–2.9 (20); 3.0–3.4
How may the box-and-whisker plot be used to describe data? How are the following terms used in a box-and-whisker plot?a. Medianb. Alpha percentilec. Interquartile range
How does one construct a stem-and-leaf diagram? What are the advantages of this type of diagram?
Define the following graphical methods and describe how they are used.a. Histogramb. Relative frequency histogramc. Frequency polygond. Cumulative frequency polygon (ogive)
The following terms relate to frequency tables. Define each term.a. Class intervalb. Class frequencyc. Relative frequency percentaged. Cumulative frequencye. Cumulative relative frequencyf.
Define the term “variable” and describe the following types of variables:a. Qualitative(1) Nominal(2) Ordinalb. Quantitative(1) Interval(2) Ratioc. Discrete versus continuous
Suppose you selected a sample from Table 2.2 by starting with the number in row 1, column 2. You then proceed across the row, skipping the next five numbers and take the sixth number. You continue in
Describe the population and the sample for:a. Exercise 2.9b. The bootstrap sampling plan in Exercise 2.11
Repeat the procedure of Exercise 2.11 five times. List all five samples. How do they differ from the original sample?
From the 400 height measurements in Table 2.2, we will take a sample of ten distinct values by taking the first six values in row 1 and the two values in the last two columns in row 2 and the last
Again use Table 2.2 to select a sample, but this time select only one random number from Table 2.1. Start in the row determined by the index for that random number. Choose the first value from the
By using the random number table (Table 2.1), draw a sample of 10 height measurements from Table 2.2. This sample is said to have size 10, or n = 10.The rows and columns in Table 2.2 have numbers,
What role does sample size play in the accuracy of statistical inference? Why is the method of selecting the sample even more important than the size of the sample?
Why would a convenience sample of college students on vacation in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, not be representative of the students at a particular college or university?
Under what circumstances is it appropriate to use rejection sampling methods?
How is sampling with replacement different from sampling without replacement?
How can bias affect a sample design? Explain by using the terms selection bias, response bias, and periodic effects.
Explain what is meant by the term parameter estimation.
Describe the following types of sample designs, noting their similarities and differences. State also when it is appropriate to use each type of sample design.a. Random sampleb. Simple random
Why does the field of inferential statistics need to be concerned about samples?Give in your own words the definitions of the following terms that pertain to sample selection:a. Sampleb. Censusc.
Public interest groups and funding organizations are demanding that clinical trials include diverse study populations—from the standpoint of age, gender, and ethnicity. What do you think is the
Search the Web for a media account that involves statistical information. For example, you may be able to locate a report on a disease, a clinical trial, or a new medical device. Alternatively, if
A pharmaceutical company wishes to develop and market a new medication to control blood sugar in diabetic patients. Suggest a clinical trial for evaluating the efficacy of this new medication.a.
Suppose a health research institute is conducting an experiment to determine whether a computerized, self-instructional module can aid in smoking cessation.a. Propose a research question that would
Epidemiology, a fundamental discipline in public health, has many applications in the health sciences.a. Name three types of epidemiologic study designs.b. What types of problems can we address with
Clinical trials play a vital role in testing and development of new drugs and medical devices.a. What are clinical trials?b. Explain the difference between controlled and uncontrolled trials.c. Why
Why are quality control methods important to manufacturers? List at least three quality control methods discussed in the chapter.
What are cross-sectional studies? What types of questions can they address?
What is the difference between observational and experimental studies? Why do we conduct experimental studies? What is the purpose of observational studies?
Explain the major difference between prospective and retrospective studies.Does one have advantages over the other?
Compare and contrast descriptive and inferential statistics. How are they related?
What are some job roles for statisticians in the health field?
What is your current job or future career objective? How can an understanding of statistics be helpful in your career?
Refer to Exercise 2.3.12.Construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the population mean height.Should you use t or z as the reliability coefficient? Why? Describe the population about which
Refer to Exercise 2.3.11.Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean S/R ratio. Should you use t or z as the reliability coefficient? Why? Describe the population about which
In a pilot study conducted by Ayouba et al. (A-38), researchers studied 123 children born of HIV-1-infected mothers in Yaounde, Cameroon. Counseled and consenting pregnant women were given a single
Assessing driving self-restriction in relation to vision performance was the objective of a study by West et al. (A-37). The researchers studied 629 current drivers ages 55 and older for 2 years. The
Does delirium increase hospital stay? That was the research question investigated by McCusker et al.(A-36). The researchers sampled 204 patients with prevalent delirium and 118 without delirium. The
The subjects of a study by Borland et al. (A-35) were children in acute pain. Thirty-two children who presented at an emergency room were enrolled in the study. Each child used the visual analogue
In general, a high level of confidence is preferred over a low level of confidence. For a given set of other conditions, suppose we set our level of confidence at 100 percent. What would be the
In general, narrow confidence intervals are preferred over wide ones. We can make an interval narrow by using a small confidence coefficient. For a given set of other conditions, what happens to the
Culligan et al. (A-34) compared the long-term results of two treatments: (a) a modified Burch procedure, and (b) a sling procedure for stress incontinence with a low-pressure urethra. Thirty-six
The purpose of a study by Tahmassebi and Curzon (A-33) was to compare the mean salivary flow rate among subjects with cerebral palsy and among subjects in a control group. Each group had 10 subjects.
In a study of the role of dietary fats in the etiology of ischemic heart disease the subjects were 60 males between 40 and 60 years of age who had recently had a myocardial infarction and 50
The purpose of a study by Elliott et al. (A-32) was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in women living in nursing homes. The sample consisted of 39 women in a 120-bed skilled nursing
Scheid et al. (A-31) questioned 387 women receiving free bone mineral density screening. The questions focused on past smoking history. Subjects undergoing hormone replacement therapy(HRT), and
Over a 2-year period, 34 European women with previous gestational diabetes were retrospectively recruited from West London antenatal databases for a study conducted by Kousta et al. (A-30). One of
The objective of a study by Crane et al. (A-29) was to examine the efficacy, safety, and maternal satisfaction of (a) oral misoprostol and (b) intravenous oxytocin for labor induction in women with
Drug Awas prescribed for a random sample of 12 patients complaining of insomnia. An independent random sample of 16 patients with the same complaint received drug B. The number of hours of sleep
Determinations of saliva pH levels were made in two independent random samples of seventh-grade schoolchildren. Sample A children were caries-free while sample B children had a high incidence of
What is the average serum bilirubin level of patients admitted to a hospital for treatment of hepatitis?A sample of 10 patients yielded the following results:20:5; 14:8; 21:3; 12:7; 15:2; 26:6; 23:4;
Seventy patients with stasis ulcers of the leg were randomly divided into two equal groups. Each group received a different treatment for edema. At the end of the experiment, treatment effectiveness
A certain drug was found to be effective in the treatment of pulmonary disease in 180 of 200 cases treated. Construct the 90 percent confidence interval for the population proportion.
A breast cancer research team collected the following data on tumor size:Type of Tumor n x s A 21 3.85 cm 1.95 cm B 16 2.80 cm 1.70 cm Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the difference
In a dental survey conducted by a county dental health team, 500 adults were asked to give the reason for their last visit to a dentist. Of the 220 who had less than a high-school education, 44 said
Refer to the previous problem. How large a sample would be required to estimate the population proportion to within .05 with 95 percent confidence (.30 is the best available estimate of p):(a) If the
An industrial hygiene survey was conducted in a large metropolitan area. Of 70 manufacturing plants of a certain type visited, 21 received a “poor” rating with respect to absence of safety
What proportion of asthma patients are allergic to house dust? In a sample of 140, 35 percent had positive skin reactions. Construct the 95 percent confidence interval for the population proportion.
Arterial blood gas analyses performed on a sample of 15 physically active adult males yielded the following resting PaO2 values:75; 80; 80; 74; 84; 78; 89; 72; 83; 76; 75; 87; 78; 79; 88 Compute the
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating the difference between two population means?
What is the finite population correction? When can it be ignored?
What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating a single population mean?
Describe the t distribution.
Of what use is the central limit theorem in estimation?
State the probabilistic and practical interpretations of a confidence interval.
Give the general formula for a confidence interval.
Define the following:(a) Reliability coefficient (b) Confidence coefficient (c) Precision(d) Standard error (e) Estimator (f) Margin of error

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