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biostatistics

Questions and Answers of Biostatistics

9. The following table shows the outcome of 500 interviews completed during a survey to study the opinions of residents of a certain city about legalized abortion. The data are also classified by the
8. If the probability that a public health nurse will find a client at home is .7, what is the probability (assuming independence) that on two home visits made in a day both clients will be home?
7. The following table shows 1000 nursing school applicants classified according to scores made on a college entrance examination and the quality of the high school from which they graduated, as
6. A certain county health department has received 25 applications for an opening that exists for a public health nurse. Of these applicants ten are over 30 and fifteen are under 30. Seventeen hold
5. One hundred married women were asked to specify which type of birth control method they preferred. The following table shows the 100 responses cross-classified by educational level of the
4. The purpose of a study by Gehan et al. (A-6) was to define the optimum dose of lignocaine required to reduce pain on injection of propofol. According to these researchers, propofol is a rapidly
3. Des Jarlais et al. (A-5) examined the failure to maintain AIDS risk reduction in a study of intravenous drug users from New York City. The following table shows the study subjects cross-classified
2. Name and explain the three properties of probability.
1. Define the following:a. Probabilityc. Subjective probabilitye. The relative frequency concept of probability g. Independence i. Joint probability k. The addition rule m. Complementary eventsb.
32. Indicate for the following variables which you think would be a better measure of central tendency, the mean, the median, or mode and justify your choice:a. Annual incomes of licensed practical
31. Give a health sciences related example of a population of measurements for which the median would be a better measure of central tendency than the mean.
30. Give a health sciences related example of a population of measurements for which the mean would be a better measure of central tendency than the median.
29. On a statistics test students were asked to construct a frequency distribution of the blood creatine levels (Units/liter) for a sample of 300 healthy subjects. The mean was 95 and the standard
28. Consider the following possible class intervals for use in constructing a frequency distribution of serum cholesterol levels of subjects who participated in a mass screening:a. 50-74b. 50-74c.
27. Your statistics instructor tells you on the first day of class that there will be five tests during the term. From the scores on these tests for each student he will compute a measure of central
26. Express in words the following properties of the sample mean:a. ax - Tx)2 = a minimumb. ai = Exc. - = 0
25. Researchers compared two methods of collecting blood for coagulation studies. The following are the arterial activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) values recorded for 30 patients in each
24. The following are the ages of 48 patients admitted to the emergency room of a hospital.Construct a stem-and-leaf display from these data.32 63 33 57 35 54 38 53 42 51 42 48 43 46 61 53 12 13 16
23. The following are the SLP values obtained from a sample of 10 apparently healthy adults: 4.07, 2.71, 3.64, 3.37, 3.84, 3.83, 3.82, 4.21, 4.04, 4.50. For these data compute the mean, the variance,
22. As part of a research project, investigators obtained the following data on serum lipid peroxide (SLP) levels from laboratory reports of a sample of 10 adult subjects undergoing treatment for
21. Give three synonyms for variation (variability).
20. The following table shows the age distribution of cases of a certain disease reported during a year in a particular state.Age Number of Cases 5-14 5 15-24 10 25-34 20 35-44 22 45-54 13 55-64 5
19. Refer to Exercise 18. The following are the weights (kg) and heights (cm) of the 14 subjects in the sample studied by Roberts et al. (A-14):Weight: 83.9 99.0 63.8 71.3 65.3 79.6 70.3 69.2 56.4
18. A concern that current recommendations on dietary energy requirements may underestimate the total energy needs of young adult men was the motivation for a study by Roberts et al, (A-14). Subjects
17. Swift et al. (A-13) conducted a study concerned with the presence of significant psychiatric illness in heterozygous carriers of the gene for the Wolfram syndrome.According to the investigators,
16. Refer to Exercise 12. Which measure of central tendency do you think is more appropriate to use to describe the ZAS scores, the mean or the median? Why?
15. Which set of ZAS scores are more variable: Those for the combined subjects, those for the healthy controls, or those for the patients with panic disorder? How do you justify your answer?
14. Refer to Exercise 12. Compute the mean, median, variance, and standard deviation for the 26 patients with panic disorder.
13. Refer to Exercise 12. Compute, for the 21 healthy controls alone, the mean, median, variance, and standard deviation.
12. Exercise 2.7.8 uses Zung Anxiety Scale (ZAS) scores of 26 subjects with panic disorder who participated in a study conducted by Stein and Uhde (A-12). In their study these investigators also used
11. Find an article in a journal from your field of study in which some measure of central tendency and dispersion have been computed.
10. Compute the mean, median, modal class, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exercise 9, using the techniques for grouped data.
9. Collect a set of real, or realistic, data from your field of study and construct a frequency distribution, a relative frequency distribution, a histogram, and a frequency polygon.
8. Describe from your field of study a population of data where knowledge of the central tendency and dispersion would be useful. Obtain real or realistic synthetic values from this population and
7. What assumptions does one make when computing the mean from grouped data? The median? The variance?
6. What is the purpose of Sturges' rule?
5. What is the purpose of the coefficient of variation?
4. Explain the rationale for using n — 1 to compute the sample variance.
3. What are the advantages and limitations of the range as a measure of dispersion?
2. Define and compare the characteristics of the mean, the median, and the mode.
1. Define:a. Stem-and-leaf displayc. Percentilee. Location parameter g. Ordered array i. Relative frequency distribution k. Parameter m. True class limitsb. Box-and-whisker plotd. Quartilef.
2.3.10 Refer to the ages of Greenland residents discussed in Example 1.4.1 and displayed in Table 1.4.1. Use class interval widths of 5 and construct:a. A frequency distribution.b. A relative
2.3.9 The following are the emergency room charges made to a sample of 25 patients at two city hospitals. Construct a stem-and-leaf display for each set of data. What does a comparison of the two
2.3.8 The following are the ages of 30 patients seen in the emergency room of a hospital on a Friday night. Construct a stem-and-leaf display from these data.35 32 21 43 39 60 36 12 54 45 37 53 45 23
2.3.7 In a study of physical endurance levels of male college freshmen the following composite endurance scores based on several exercise routines were collected.254 281 192 260 212 179 225 179 181
2.3.6 The following are the number hospitals.b. A relative frequency distribution.d. A frequency polygon.of babies born during a year in 60 community 30 55 27 45 56 48 45 49 32 57 47 56 37 55 52 34
2.3.5 The following table shows the number of hours 45 hospital patients slept following the administration of a certain anesthetic.7 10 12 4 8 7 3 8 5 12 11 3 8 1 1 13 10 4 4 5 5 8 7 7 3 2 3 8 13 1
2.3.4 The objective of a study by Herrman et al. (A-4) was to estimate the prevalence of severe mental disorders in a representative sample of prisoners in three metropolitan prisons in Melbourne,
2.3.3 Ellis et al. (A-3) conducted a study to explore the platelet imipramine binding characteristics in manic patients and to compare the results with equivalent data for healthy controls and
2.3.2 Jarjour et al (A-2) conducted a study in which they measured bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) fluid histamine levels in subjects with allergic rhinitis, subjects with asthma, and normal volunteers.
2.3.1 In a study of the proliferative activity of breast cancers, Veronese and Gambacorta(A-l) used the Ki-67 monoclonal antibody and immunohistochemical methods. The investigators obtained tumor
6. For each of the following variables indicate whether it is quantitative or qualitative and specify the measurement scale that is employed when taking measurements on each:a. Class standing of the
5. List in order of sophistication and describe the four measurement scales.
4. Define the word measurement.
3. Define:a. Statisticsb. Biostatisticsc. Variabled. Quantitative variablee. Qualitative variablef. Random variable g. Population h. Finite population i. Infinite population j. Sample k. Discrete
2. Explain what is meant by inferential statistics.
1. Explain what is meant by descriptive statistics.
Finding Critical r Values Table A-6 lists critical values of r for selected values of n and a.More generally, critical r values can be found by using the formulawhere the t value is found from the
Transformed Data In addition to testing for a linear correlation between x and y, we can often use transformations of data to explore other relationships. For example, we might replace each x value
Clusters Refer to the following Minitab-generated scatterplot. The four points in the lower left corner are measurements from women, and the four points in the upper right corner are from
Outlier Refer to the accompanying Minitab-generated scatterplot.a.Examine the pattern of all 10 points and subjectively determine whether there appears to be a correlation between x and y.b.After
10. Explore! Exercises 9 and 10 provide two data sets from “Graphs in Statistical Analysis,”by F. J. Anscombe, The American Statistician, Vol. 27. For each exercise,a. Construct a scatterplot.b.
9. Explore! Exercises 9 and 10 provide two data sets from “Graphs in Statistical Analysis,”by F. J. Anscombe, The American Statistician, Vol. 27. For each exercise,a. Construct a scatterplot.b.
Scatterplots Match these values of r with the five scatterplots shown here and on the top of the next page: 0.268, 0.992, -1, 0.746, and 1. ya 07 0.6 0.5 04 03 02 0.1 39 0.0 08 B 20 E 13 yu 12 10 0.4
Count Five Test for Comparing Variation in Two Populations Repeat Exercise 16“Blanking Out on Tests,” but instead of using the F test, use the following procedure for the“count five” test of
Finite Population Correction Factor For Formulas 7-2 and 7-3 we assume that the population is infinite or very large and that we are sampling with replacement. When we sample without replacement from
Hypergeometric Distribution If we sample from a small finite population without replacement, the binomial distribution should not be used because the events are not independent.If sampling is done
Multinomial Distribution The binomial distribution applies only to cases involving two types of outcomes, whereas the multinomial distribution involves more than two categories.Suppose we have three
Crude Mortality Rates The table below lists numbers of deaths and population sizes for different age groups for Florida and the United States for a recent year.a. Find the crude mortality rate for
Cause-of-Death Ratio In a recent year in the United States, there were 2,515,458 deaths, and 787,650 of them were due to cardiovascular disease. The cause-of-death ratio is expressed as follows:a.
Find the HIV infection mortality rate for HIV-infected persons.Finding Rates. In Exercises 5−12, use the data in the accompanying table (based on data for a recent year from various sources,
Find the HIV infection prevalence rate.Finding Rates. In Exercises 5−12, use the data in the accompanying table (based on data for a recent year from various sources, including the U.S. Census
Using a multiplier of k = 100,000, find the motor vehicle death incidence rate.Finding Rates. In Exercises 5−12, use the data in the accompanying table (based on data for a recent year from various
Design of Experiments You would like to conduct a study to determine the effectiveness of seat belts in saving lives in car crashes.a. What would be wrong with randomly selecting 2000 drivers, then
Medical Helicopters In the same study cited in the preceding exercise, among the 47,637 patients transported by helicopter, 188 of them left the treatment center against medical advice, and the other
Boxplot Comparison Refer to the boxplots shown below that are drawn on the same scale.One boxplot represents weights of men and the other boxplot represents weights of women.Which boxplot represents
Heights The boxplot shown below results from the heights (cm) of males listed in Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix B. What do the numbers in that boxplot tell us? 155 169.1 173.8 179.4 193.3
Body Temperatures Based on Data Set 2 “Body Temperatures” in Appendix B, body temperatures of adults have a mean of 98.20oF and a standard deviation of 0.62oF. Is an adult body temperature of
Births Use the birth weights (grams) of the 400 babies listed in Data Set 3 “Births” in Appendix B. Examine the list of birth weights to make an observation about those numbers.How does that
0.312 Scientific Notation. In Exercises 9–12, the given expressions are designed to yield results expressed in a form of scientific notation. For example, the calculator-displayed result of 1.23E5
614 Scientific Notation. In Exercises 9–12, the given expressions are designed to yield results expressed in a form of scientific notation. For example, the calculator-displayed result of 1.23E5
911 Scientific Notation. In Exercises 9–12, the given expressions are designed to yield results expressed in a form of scientific notation. For example, the calculator-displayed result of 1.23E5
0.48 Scientific Notation. In Exercises 9–12, the given expressions are designed to yield results expressed in a form of scientific notation. For example, the calculator-displayed result of 1.23E5
Standard Deviation The given expression is used to compute the standard deviation of three randomly selected body temperatures. Perform the calculation and round the result to two decimal places.
Using the sample data from Exercise 1 “Birth Weights,” part of the calculation of the standard deviation is shown in the expression below. Evaluate this expression. (Fortunately, calculators and
Standard Deviation The standard deviation is an extremely important concept introduced in Chapter
The range is the difference between the highest sample value and the lowest sample value. In using this approach, what value is obtained from the sample data listed in Exercise 1 “Birth Weights”?
Standard Deviation One way to get a very rough approximation of the value of a standard deviation of sample data is to find the range, then divide it by
Determining Sample Size The given expression is used to determine the size of the sample necessary to estimate the proportion of college students who have the profound wisdom to take a statistics
Body Temperature The given expression is used for determining the likelihood that the average(mean) human body temperature is different from the value of 98.6°F that is commonly used. Find the given
Is the result significantly high? 272-176 6
Tallest Person Robert Wadlow (1918–1940) is the tallest known person to have lived. The expression below converts his height of 272 cm to a standardized score. Find this value and round the result
Six Children Jule Cole is a founder of Mabel’s Labels, and she is the mother of six children.The probability that six randomly selected children are all girls is found by evaluating 0.56. Find that
Birth Weights Listed below are the weights (grams) of newborn babies from Albany Medical Center Hospital. What value is obtained when those weights are added and the total is divided by the number of
Marijuana Survey Exercise 8 referred to a Pew poll of 1500 adults, and 52% of the respondents said that the use of marijuana should not be made legal.a. Among the 1500 adults who responded, what is
Marijuana Survey Identify the type of sampling (random, systematic, convenience, stratified, cluster) used when a sample of the 1500 survey responses is obtained as described. Then determine whether
Marijuana Survey In a recent Pew poll of 1500 adults, 52% of the respondents said that the use of marijuana should not be made legal. In the same poll, 23% of the respondents said that the use of
Statistical Significance and Practical Significance The Gengene Research Group has developed a procedure designed to increase the likelihood that a baby will be born a girl. In a clinical trial of
Simple Random Sample Which of the following is>are simple random samples?a. As Lipitor pills are being manufactured, a quality control plan is to select every 500th pill and test it to confirm that
Percentagesa. The labels on U-Turn protein energy bars include the statement that these bars contain“125% less fat than the leading chocolate candy brands” (based on data from Consumer Reports

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