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biostatistics

Questions and Answers of Biostatistics

3. List and explain each step in the nine-step hypothesis testing procedure.
2. What is a hypothesis?
1. What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?
36. Bellomo et al. (A-36) conducted a study to quantitate insulin losses and glucose absorption during acute continuous hemofiltration with dialysis and to assess the clinical importance of these
35. The purpose of a study by Kay et al. (A-35) was to determine the safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation as definitive therapy for primary atrial tachycardias. Subjects were 15 consecutive
34. Duncan et al. (A-34) report on a study designed to assess the relation of exclusive breastfeeding, independent of recognized risk factors, to acute and recurrent otitis media in the first 12
33. el Fiky et al. (A-33) measured shunt fraction invasively using a pulmonary artery catheter in 22 patients undergoing elective coronary artery surgery. From the results, the investigators computed
32. In general, a high level of confidence is preferred over a low level of confidence. For a given set of other conditions, suppose we set our level of confidence at 100 percent.What would be the
31. In general, narrow confidence intervals are preferred over wide ones. We can make an interval narrow by using a small confidence coefficient. For a given set of other conditions, what happens to
30. The objectives of a study by Steinhardt et al. (A-32) were (1) to determine if level of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness were significantly related to absenteeism and medical care
29. Osberg et al. (A-31) conducted a study to identify factors that predict whether or not similarly impaired children treated at trauma centers are discharged to inpatient rehabilitation. Among
28. In a study of the role of dietary fats in the etiology of ischemic heart disease the subjects were 60 males between 40 and 60 years of age who had recently had a myocardial infarction and 50
27. The purpose of a study by Thurnau et al. (A-30) was to evaluate the accuracy of the fetal—pelvic index disproportion and delivery outcome in gravid women attempting vaginal birth after previous
26. Harrison et al. (A-29) conducted a study of dependent elderly people in a London borough. Along with other characteristics, they collected data on the extent of depression among borough
25. The objective of a study by Martin et al. (A-28) was to compare the function of neutrophils in the pulmonary artery blood and lung lavage fluid of patients early in the course of adult
24. Milliez et al. (A-27) conducted a study involving high-risk pregnancies. A sample of 23 nulliparous women delivered babies whose mean weight was 2958 grams with a standard deviation of 620. The
23. Drug A was prescribed for a random sample of 12 patients complaining of insomnia. An independent random sample of 16 patients with the same complaint received drug B.The numbers of hours of sleep
22. Determinations of saliva pH levels were made in two independent random samples of seventh grade schoolchildren. Sample A children were caries-free while sample B children had a high incidence of
21. What is the average serum bilirubin level of patients admitted to a hospital for treatment of hepatitis? A sample of 10 patients yielded the following results:20.5, 14.8, 21.3, 12.7, 15.2, 26.6,
20. Seventy patients with stasis ulcers of the leg were randomly divided into two equal groups. Each group received a different treatment for edema. At the end of the experiment, treatment
19. A certain drug was found to be effective in the treatment of pulmonary disease in 180 of 200 cases treated. Construct the 90 percent confidence interval for the population proportion.
18. A breast cancer research team collected the following data on tumor size:Type of Tumor A 21 3.85 cm 1.95 cm B 16 2.80 cm 1.70 cm Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the difference
17. In a dental survey conducted by a county dental health team, 500 adults were asked to give the reason for their last visit to a dentist. Of the 220 who had less than a high school education, 44
16. Refer to the previous problem. How large a sample would be required to estimate the population proportion to within .05 with 95 percent confidence (.3Q is the best available estimate of p):a. If
15. An industrial hygiene survey was conducted in a large metropolitan area. Of 70 manufacturing plants of a certain type visited, 21 received a "poor" rating with respect to absence of safety
14. What proportion of asthma patients are allergic to house dust? In a sample of 140, 35 percent had positive skin reactions. Construct the 95 percent confidence interval for the population
13. Arterial blood gas analyses performed on a sample of 15 physically active adult males yielded the following resting Pa02 values:75, 80, 80, 74, 84, 78, 89, 72, 83, 76, 75, 87, 78, 79, 88 Compute
12. What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating the difference between two population means?
11. What is the finite population correction? When can it be ignored?
10. What are the assumptions underlying the use of the t distribution in estimating a single population mean?
9. Describe the t distribution.
8. Of what use is the central limit theorem in estimation?
7. State the probabilistic and practical interpretations of a confidence interval.
6. Give the general formula for a confidence interval.
5. Define the following:a. Reliability coefficientb. Confidence coefficientc. Precisiond. Standard errore. Estimatorf. Margin of error
4. Explain the meaning of unbiasedness.
3. What is a point estimate?
2. Why is estimation an important type of inference?
1. What is statistical inference?
34. Explain why each of the following measurements is or is not the result of a Bernoulli trial:a. The number of surgical procedures performed in a hospital in a week.b. A Hospital patient's
33. Explain why each of the following measurements is or is not the result of a Bernoulli trial:a. The gender of a newborn child.b. The classification of a hospital patient's condition as stable,
32. Given the normally distributed random variable X with p, = 30 and P(X < 50) = .9772, find cr.
31. Given the normally distributed random variable X with p. = 25 and P(X 5 10) = .0778, find cr.
30. Given the normally distributed random variable X with et = 5 and P(X 25) = .0526, find p..
29. Given the normally distributed random variable X witha- = 15 and P(X < 50) = .9904, find p.
28. Given the normally distributed random variable X with o = 10 and P(X < 40) = .0080, find tk.
27. Given the normally distributed random variable X with mean 100 and standard deviation 15, find the numerical value of k such that:a. P(X < k) = .0094b. P(X k) = .1093c. P(100 < X < k) = .4778d.
26. Given the normally distributed random variable X, find the numerical value of k such that P(p, — ko- + Ica) = .754.
25. Suppose a variable X is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 10. Given that.0985 of the values of X are greater than 70, what is the mean value of X?
24. Given a binomial variable with a mean of 20 and a variance of 16, find n and p.
23. Scores made on a certain aptitude test by nursing students are approximately normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a variance of 10,000.a. What proportion of those taking the test score
22. A nurse supervisor has found that staff nurses, on the average, complete a certain task in 10 minutes. If the times required to complete the task are approximately normally distributed with a
21. The IQs of individuals admitted to a state school for the mentally retarded are approximately normally distributed with a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 10.a. Find the proportion of
20. In a certain metropolitan area there is an average of one suicide per month. What is the probability that during a given month the number of suicides will be:a. Greater than one?b. Less than
19. On the average, five smokers pass a certain street corner every 10 minutes. What is the probability that during a given 10-minute period the number of smokers passing will be:a. Six or fewer?b.
18. On the average, two students per hour report for treatment to the first-aid room of a large elementary school.a. What is the probability that during a given hour three students come to the
17. In a certain developing country, 30 percent of the children are undernourished. In a random sample of 25 children from this area, what is the probability that the number of undernourished will
16. Personnel records of a large hospital show that 10 percent of housekeeping and maintenance employees quit within one year after being hired. If 10 new employees have just been hired:a. What is
15. The usual method for teaching a particular self-care skill to retarded persons is effective in 50 percent of the cases. A new method is tried with 10 persons. If the new method is no better than
14. Using the data of your answer to question 13, demonstrate the use of the standard normal distribution in answering probability questions related to the variable selected.
13. Give an example of a random variable that you think is, at least approximately, normally distributed.
12. Describe the standard normal distribution and tell how it is used in statistics.
11. Describe the normal distribution.
10. Give an example of a random variable that you think is distributed according to the Poisson law.
9. Describe the Poisson distribution.
8. Give an example of a random variable that you think follows a binomial distribution.
7. Describe the binomial distribution.
6. What is a Bernoulli trial?
5. What is a cumulative probability distribution?
4. Define the probability distribution of a continuous random variable.
3. Define the probability distribution of a discrete random variable.
2. What is a continuous random variable? Give three examples of interest to the health professional.
1. What is a discrete random variable? Give three examples that are of interest to the health professional.
4.6.14 Given the following probability, find z1:P(. 5. < 2.98) = .1117
4.6.12 Given the following probability, find z1:P(— 2.67 zi) = .9718
4.6.15 Given the following probability, find z1:P( — z1 _5 z zi) = .8132
4.6.13 Given the following probability, find z1:/3(z. > z,) = .0384
4.6.11 Given the following probability, find z1:P(z < zi) = .0055
4.6.9 P( — 1.65 < z < 1.65). 4.6.10 P(z = .74).
4.6.7 P( — 1.96 < z < 1.96). 4.6.8 — 2.58 < z < 2.58).
4.6.5 P(z < —2.33). 4.6.6 P(z < 2.33).
4.6.3 P(z .55). 4.6.4 P(z > — .55).
4.6.2 The probability that a z picked at random will have a value between z = —2.87 and Z = 2.64.
4.6.1 The area under the curve between z = 0 and z = 1.43.
4.4.5 In a certain population an average of 13 new cases of esophageal cancer are diagnosed each year. If the annual incidence of esophageal cancer follows a Poisson distribution, find the
4.4.4 In a study of the effectiveness of an insecticide against a certain insect, a large area of land was sprayed. Later the area was examined for live insects by randomly selecting squares and
4.4.3 If the mean number of serious accidents per year in a large factory (where the number of employees remains constant) is five, find the probability that in the current year there will be:a.
4.4.2 Suppose that over a period of several years the average number of deaths from a certain noncontagious disease has been 10. If the number of deaths from this disease follows the Poisson
4.4.1 Suppose it is known that in a certain area of a large city the average number of rats per quarter block is five. Assuming that the number of rats follows a Poisson distribution, find the
20. Refer to Exercise 18. State in words the meaning of the following events:a. iTb. Bc. C
19. Refer to Exercise 18. State in words the meaning of the following events:a. A U Bb. A n Bc. A n cd. A U C
18. For a certain population we define the following events with respect to plasma lipoprotein levels (mg/dl): A = (10-15); B = 30); C = 20). Are the events A and B mutually exclusive? A and C? B and
17. Refer to Exercise 14. Comment on the event G = (A n B).
16. Refer to Exercise 14. State in words the event F = C).
15. Refer to Exercise 14. State in words the event E = (A U B).
14. For a certain population we define the following events for mother's age at time of giving birth: A = under 20 years; B = 20-24 years; C = 25-29 years; D = 30-44 years.Are the events A, B, C, and
13. The probability that a person selected at random from a population will exhibit the classic symptom of a certain disease is .2, and the probability that a person selected at random has the
12. In a certain population of women 4 percent have had breast cancer, 20 percent are smokers, and 3 percent are smokers and have had breast cancer. A woman is selected at random from the population.
11. Suppose that 3 percent of the people in a population of adults have attempted suicide. It is also known that 20 percent of the population are living below the poverty level. If these two events
10. In a certain population the probability that a randomly selected subject will have been exposed to a certain allergen and experience a reaction to the allergen is .60. The probability is .8 that

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