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biostatistics

Questions and Answers of Biostatistics

Sampling Seventy-two percent of Americans squeeze their toothpaste tube from the top.This and other not-so-serious findings are included in The First Really Important Survey of American Habits. Those
What’s Wrong? A survey included 2028 responses from Internet users who decided to respond to a question posted by AOL. Here is the question: “How often do you drink soda?”Among the respondents,
What’s Wrong? A survey sponsored by the American Laser Centers included responses from 575 adults, and 24% of the respondents said that the face is their favorite body part (based on data from USA
Hospitals Currently, there are 5723 registered hospitals in the United States.a. Are the numbers of hospitals in different states discrete or continuous?b. What is the level of measurement for the
Statistical Significance and Practical Significance True or false: If data lead to a conclusion with statistical significance, then the results also have practical significance.
Observational Study or Experiment Are the data described in Exercise 8 the result of an observational study or an experiment?
Parameter and Statistic In a recent Gallup poll, pollsters randomly selected adults and asked them whether they smoke. Among the adults who responded to the survey question, 21%said that they did
Gallup Poll In a recent Gallup poll, pollsters randomly selected adults and asked them whether they smoke. Because the subjects agreed to respond, is the sample a voluntary response sample?
Waist If you construct a sample by selecting every sixth waist circumference from those listed in Data Set 1 “Body Data,” is the result a simple random sample of the listed waist circumferences?
Waist Which of the following best describes the level of measurement of the waist circumferences described in Exercise 3: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio?
Waist Are the waist circumferences described in Exercise 3 quantitative data or categorical data?
Waist Data Set 1 “Body Data” includes measurements of waist circumferences. Are waist circumferences values that are discrete or continuous?
Clinical Study Which of the following best describes the level of measurement of the data listed in Exercise 1: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio?
Does it make sense to calculate the average (mean) of these numbers?
Clinical Study When conducting a clinical study, it is common to maintain the privacy of subjects by assigning them number codes that will be used instead of their actual names. Several subjects are
A die is rolled and a sample consists of all students in the row corresponding to the outcome of the die.b. For the same class described in part (a), the 36 student names are written on 36 individual
Simple Random Sample vs. Random Sample Refer to the definition of simple random sample in this section and the accompanying definition of random sample enclosed within parentheses.Determine whether
Sample Design Literacy In “Cardiovascular Effects of Intravenous Triiodothyronine in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery” (Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol.
HIV Vaccine The HIV Trials Network is conducting a study to test the effectiveness of two different experimental HIV vaccines. Subjects will consist of 80 pairs of twins. For each pair of twins, one
West Nile Vaccine Currently, there is no approved vaccine for the prevention of West Nile virus infection. A clinical trial of a possible vaccine is being planned to include subjects treated with the
Lipitor A clinical trial of Lipitor treatments is being planned to determine whether its effects on diastolic blood pressure are different for men and women.
Lunesta Lunesta (eszopiclone) is a drug designed to treat insomnia. In a clinical trial of Lunesta, amounts of sleep each night are measured before and after subjects have been treated with the drug.
Framingham Heart Study The Framingham Heart Study was started in 1948 and is ongoing.Its focus is on heart disease.
Marijuana Study Researchers from the National Institutes of Health want to determine the current rates of marijuana consumption among adults living in states that have legalized the use of marijuana.
Heart Health Study Samples of subjects with and without heart disease were selected, then researchers looked back in time to determine whether they took aspirin on a regular basis.
Nurses’ Health Study II Phase II of the Nurses’ Health Study was started in 1989 with 116,000 female registered nurses. The study is ongoing.
Medications The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America wants information about the consumption of various medications. An independent researcher conducts a survey by mailing 10,000
Crime Research A researcher has created a brief survey to be given to 2000 adults randomly selected from the U.S. population. Here are her first two questions: (1) Have you ever been the victim of a
Atkins Weight Loss Program An independent researcher tested the effectiveness of the Atkins weight loss program by randomly selecting 1000 subjects using that program. Each of the subjects was called
Salt Deprivation In a program designed to investigate the effects of salt deprivation in diets, the original plan was to use a sample of 500 adults randomly selected throughout the country. The
Blood Pressure A medical researcher tested for a difference in systolic blood pressure levels between male and female students who are 20 years of age. She randomly selected four males and four
Drinking and Driving A researcher for a consortium of insurance companies plans to test for the effects of drinking on driving ability by randomly selecting 1000 drivers and then randomly assigning
Physicians’ Health Study The Physicians’ Health Study involved 22,071 male physicians.Based on random selections, 11,037 of them were treated with aspirin and the other 11,034 were given
Online Medical Information In a survey conducted by USA Today, 1072 Internet users chose to respond to this question posted on the USA Today electronic edition: “How often do you seek medical
Health Survey The Texas Health and Human Services Commission obtains an alphabetical listing of all 20,126,759 adults and constructs a sample by selecting every 10,000th name on that list.
Smoking Prevalence A medical student collects sample data on the prevalence of smoking among adults by surveying all of the patients she encounters in the clinic where she is doing her residency.
Blood Drives A researcher for the American Red Cross randomly selected five different blood donor sites and then interviewed all blood donors as they left the sites.
Testing Lipitor In a clinical trial of the cholesterol drug Lipitor (atorvastatin), subjects were partitioned into groups given a placebo or Lipitor doses of 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, or 80¤mg. The
Deforestation Rates Satellites are used to collect sample data for estimating deforestation rates. The Forest Resources Assessment of the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization uses a
Hospital Survey A researcher collects sample data by randomly selecting 20 hospital employees from each of the categories of physician, nurse, and administrator.
Exercise Program In a study designed to test the effectiveness of exercise in lowering blood pressure, 532 subjects were randomly assigned to these two different groups: (1) group given regular
Class Survey A professor conducts a survey by randomly selecting three different classes and surveying all of the students as they left those classes.
Class Survey A professor surveys her statistics class by identifying groups of males and females, then randomly selecting five students from each of those two groups.
Acupuncture Study In a study of treatments for back pain, 641 subjects were randomly assigned to the four different treatment groups of individualized acupuncture, standardized acupuncture, simulated
Sexuality of Women The sexuality of women was discussed in Shere Hite’s book Women and Love: A Cultural Revolution. Her conclusions were based on sample data that consisted of 4500 mailed responses
Cormorant Density Cormorant bird population densities were studied by using the “line transect method” with aircraft observers flying along the shoreline of Lake Huron and collecting sample data
Sampling Method Assume that the population consists of all students currently in your statistics class. Describe how to obtain a sample of six students so that the result is a sample of the given
Response Rate What percent of the 5000 surveys were returned? Does that response rate appear to be low? In general, what is a problem with a very low response rate?
Experiment or Observational Study Is the study an experiment or an observational study? Explain.
Sampling Method What type of sampling best describes the way in which the 717 subjects were chosen: simple random sample, systematic sample, convenience sample, stratified sample, cluster sample?
Sampling Method The patients included in the study cited in Exercise 1 were those “who sought care for low-back pain directly or in response to a community advertisement.” What type of sampling
Replication In what specific way was replication applied in the study cited in Exercise 1?
Blinding What does it mean when we say that the study cited in Exercise 1 was “double-blind”?
Back Pain Treatment In a study designed to test the effectiveness of paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) as a treatment for lower back pain, 1643 patients were randomly assigned to one of three
Countable For each of the following, categorize the nature of the data using one of these three descriptions: (1) discrete because the number of possible values is finite; (2) discrete because the
Medical School Ranks As of this writing, U.S. News & World Report ranked medical schools, including these results: Harvard (1), Stanford (2), Johns Hopkins (3), University of California at San
Temperatures A person has a body temperature of 98.0°F during the time when the outside air temperature is 49.0°F, so the person is twice as warm as the outside air.
Social Security Numbers As part of a clinical study, the Social Security number of each subject is recorded and the average (mean) of the individual digits is computed to be 4.7.
Hospital ID The four hospitals included in Data Set 3 “Births” in Appendix B are coded as follows: Albany Medical Center (1); Bellevue Hospital Center (1438); Olean General Hospital(66); Strong
Pharmaceuticals Pfizer records the years in which new products were launched, beginning with 1849.
Physician Ranks A research project on the effectiveness of heart transplants includes rankings (scale of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) of physicians who perform those procedures.
Hospital Charges A research project on the effectiveness of heart transplants begins with a compilation of the charges (dollars) for heart transplant procedures that were conducted within the past
Hospitals A research project on the effectiveness of heart transplants begins with a compilation of the U.S. hospitals that provide heart transplants.
Privacy Codes Instead of using actual names, subjects included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey are coded with consecutive numbers.
Body Temperatures Body temperatures (in degrees Fahrenheit) listed in Data Set 2“Body Temperatures” in Appendix B.
Blood Lead Level Blood lead levels of low, medium, and high used to describe the subjects in Data Set 8 “IQ and Lead” in Appendix B
Brain Volumes Volumes (cm3) of brains listed in Data Set 9 “IQ and Brain Size” in Appendix B
Texting Fatalities The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety collects data consisting of the numbers of motor vehicle fatalities caused by driving while texting.
Stitch In Time The Emergency Room of the Albany Medical Center records the numbers of stitches used for patients in a week.
Criminal Forensics When studying the relationship between lengths of feet and heights so that footprint evidence at a crime scene can be used to estimate the height of the suspect, a researcher
Families A sample of married couples is randomly selected and the number of children in each family is recorded.
Arm Circumference From Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix B we see that a female had an arm circumference of 32.49 cm.
CHIS Among the subjects surveyed as part of the California Health Interview Survey(CHIS), several subjects are randomly selected and their heights are recorded.
Births Data Set 3 “Births” in Appendix B includes the length of stay (in days) for each baby in a sample of babies born in New York State. The first few values are 2, 2, 36, 5, and 2.
Freshman 15 In a study of weight gains by college students in their freshman year, researchers record the amounts of weight gained by randomly selected students (as in Data Set 10 “Freshman 15”
Periodic Table The average (mean) atomic weight of all elements in the periodic table is 134.355 unified atomic mass units.
Titanic A study was conducted of all 2223 passengers aboard the Titanic when it sank.
Birth Genders In the same study cited in the preceding exercise, 51% of the babies were girls.
Birth Weight In a study of 400 babies born at four different hospitals in New York State, it was found that the average (mean) weight at birth was 3152.0 grams.
Triangle Fire Fatalities A deadly disaster in the United States was the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire in New York City. A population of 146 garment workers died in that fire.
Cigarettes A data set in Appendix B includes measurements from 25 king-size cigarettes, and the average (mean) amount of nicotine in those 25 cigarettes is 1.26 mg.
CHIS A recent California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) included 2799 adolescent residents of California.
Brain Volume The average (mean) volume of the brains included in Data Set 9 “IQ and Brain Size” in Appendix B is 1126.0 cm3.
Discrete , Continuous Data Which of the following describe discrete data?a. The numbers of people surveyed in each of the next several National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveysb. The exact
Quantitative , Categorical Data Identify each of the following as quantitative data or categorical data.a. The platelet counts of exam subjects in Data Set 1 “Body Data” in Appendix Bb. The names
Health Survey For the same survey from Exercise 1, answer the following.a. What is the level of measurement of the value of 44%? (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)b. Are the numbers of subjects in
Health Survey In a survey of 1020 adults in the United States, 44% said that they wash their hands after riding public transportation (based on data from KRC Research).a. Identify the sample and the
Falsifying Data A researcher at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Research Center was once criticized for falsifying data. Among his data were figures obtained from 6 groups of mice, with 20 individual mice
What’s Wrong with This Picture? The Newport Chronicle ran a survey by asking readers to call in their response to this question: “Do you support a ban on electronic cigarettes, which foster
Chillax USA Today reported results from a Research Now for Keurig survey in which 1458 men and 1543 women were asked this: “In a typical week, how often can you kick back and relax?”a. Among the
Health It was noted in Exercise 12 “Health” that in a survey of 3014 randomly selected U.S. adults, 45% reported that they have at least one chronic health condition, such as diabetes or high
Smokers The electronic cigarette maker V2 Cigs sponsored a poll showing that 55% of smokers surveyed say that they feel ostracized “sometimes,” “often,” or “always.”
Cheese and Bedsheet Deaths In recent years, there has been a strong correlation between per capita consumption of cheese in the United States and the numbers of people who died from being tangled in
Healthy Water In a USA Today online poll, 951 Internet users chose to respond, and 57%of them said that they prefer drinking bottled water instead of tap water.
Potatoes In a poll sponsored by the Idaho Potato Commission, 1000 adults were asked to select their favorite vegetables, and the favorite choice was potatoes, which were selected by 26% of the
Conclusion If we analyze the sample data (on the bottom of the preceding page) and conclude that there is a correlation between white and red blood cell counts, does it follow that higher white are
Source of the Data Considering the source of the data (on the bottom of the preceding page), does that source appear to be biased in some way?
Analysis Given the context of the data in the table (on the bottom of the preceding page), what issue can be addressed by conducting a statistical analysis of the measurements?
Context Given that the data (on the bottom of the preceding page) are matched and considering the units of the data, does it make sense to use the difference between each white blood cell count and
Conclusion If we analyze the listed body temperatures with suitable methods of statistics, we conclude that when the differences are found between the 8 AM body temperatures and the 12 AM body

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