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Questions and Answers of Communication Research

When do we use /ʌ/ and when /ə/ Give examples.
(RP) When do we use /ə/ and when /ɜ/? Give examples.
(GA) When do we use /ɚ/ and when /ɝ/? Give examples.
What is the definition of a diphthong?
What are rhotic vowels and how are they made?
Record yourself speaking all the vowels described in this chapter, and analyze the first three formants of each vowel using speech analysis software. How do your values compare to those listed in the
Either:(GA) Record yourself and your friends speaking words with "-aw," " augh," and "-all" (e.g., "law," "caught," and "hall"). Find at least 10 different words and at least 6 speakers. Then check
List at least three spellings of vowels (either single letters or combinations of two letters) that can represent two or more different vowel phonemes.
What context produces vowel centralization, and why does this happen?
What is the difference between tense and lax vowels? Which vowels described in this chapter are tense and which are lax?
What is vowel shortening, and where does it occur?
Convert the following GA transcriptions back into ordinary writing. (They all have more than one possible spelling—try to list all these.)(a) /nɑt/ (b) /sin/(c) /lɛd/ (d) /flu/(e) /nent/ (f)
Transcribe the following using either GA or RP norms, employing allophonic symbols to mark vowel length differences, nasalization, and centralizing before /l/, where appropriate.(a) feed (b) feat(c)
Transcribe the following into phonemic symbols using either G A or RP norms. These words use the vowels from this chapter, and some simple consonants. Note: We transcribe as /ɹ/; RP does not use
Using a speech sample from a child below the age of 3;6 (= 3 years, 6 months), analyze the syllable structures you find. How do they differ from those you would expect in adult language?
In a published source or from your instructor, find a data sample of transcribed child speech, or speech from someone with a phonological disorder. It should contain at least fifty utterances.
Using any language you know other than English, list four differences between the systems, and four between the structures.
What are some advantages and disadvantages of a process approach to clinical phonology?
What are distinctive features?
Find as many examples as you can of consonant clusters in English (make sure you don't get misled by spellings!), and describe the patterns you find.
What are allophones, and how can we determine whether two sounds are allophones, or two different phonemes?
What are minimal pairs, and how are they used in phonological analysis?
What are the two main concerns of phonological description, and why does phonology always deal with a specific language, or specific languages?
Using library and Internet resources, find descriptions of the intonation systems of at least two languages other than English. What is the meaning potential of the intonation systems?
Using library and Internet resources, find descriptions of at least four tone languages, two from Asia and two from Africa. How many different tones do these languages use, and what are they?
What are coarticulations? Give examples.
What are the main types of word boundary phenomena? Give examples.
What does intonation contribute to utterance meaning?
What are register and contour tones?
What is the difference between tone and intonation?
What is the difference between stress-timed and syllable-timed?
What is stress, what is its domain, and how is stress achieved?
What are segmental and suprasegmental aspects of speech?
Draw up a list of five words with potential nasal release of stops in English, and five with potential lateral release. Record yourself and at least three other of your colleagues saying these words.
Using library and Internet resources, find as many languages that you can that have double articulated plosives. List the languages, where they are spoken, and what language families they belong to.
What three basic principles govern the arrangement of the IPA consonant chart?
What is the difference between an affricate and an affricated stop?
What is the difference between a nasal stop and a nasally released stop? Use diagrams to explain the differences in timing of articulatory gestures.
Briefly describe the acoustic differences between palatalization, pharyngealization, and a neutral articulatory setting.
How do secondary articulation relate to voice quality?
Give examples of the different types of contrastive secondary articulations. What do they all have in common?
How can the approach and closure phases of stops be modified? Give examples.
We distinguished between secondary and double articulations. Explain the difference, and give examples for each.
Compare spectrographically the acoustic nature of nasal and oral sounds. Record the nasal stops [m] and [n] in the context of preceding and following [ɑ]: [ɑmɑ], [ɑnɑ]. Use a good tape recorder
In a textbook on child language acquisition, look up the typical sequence of the acquisition of consonants. What patterns do you find concerning the acquisition of different places of articulation,
Describe the main characteristics of the spectrographic signatures of nasals and approximants.
Describe the main characteristics of the spectrographic signatures of plosives, affricates, and fricatives.
Give some examples where the three-term label is not sufficient for the articulatory description of a consonant.
In the articulatory description of consonants, what is the “three-term label”?
What places of articulation lie outside the oral cavity, and how do the labels of these differ from labels for other places of articulation?
List the main divisions of the oral cavity used to indicate the passive articulator.
What are the main parts of the tongue that are used in speech?
What is the difference between active and passive articulators?
Conduct an experiment on voiced phonation in plosives and fricatives. Use the syllables [aba], [ava], [ada], [aza]. Record yourself uttering these syllables using a good-quality tape recorder with an
In a textbook on child language acquisition, look up the typical sequence of the acquisition of consonants. What patterns do you find concerning the acquisition of different manners of articulation,
How does the hierarchy of articulatory strength in the classification of consonant types map onto sonorants and obstruents?
What is the difference between trills and taps?
Describe the different categories of approximants.
What is the difference between sibilants and nonsibilants? Give examples for each category.
What is the difference between grooved and slit fricatives? Give examples for each category.
In the speech clinic, we typically find that more children have problems with the production of fricatives than with the production of plosives. Why do you think this is the case?
Describe the three stages of the production of a plosive.
Define the terms stop, fricative, and approximant. What is the main characteristic distinguishing them?
If you have access to a glottograph (also called a laryngograph) in your speech lab, use it to compare different phonation types. See what patterns you get on the screen when you utter a voiced sound
Using library and Internet resources, find as many languages as you can that use murmur linguistically, and as many languages as you can that use creak/creaky voice linguistically. Give examples of
What is the difference between laryngeal and supralaryngeal aspects of voice quality?
What is the difference between oral sounds, nasal sounds, and nasalized sounds?
What is the role of the velum in directing, and in initiating, an airstream?
How are breathy voice and murmur characterized?
What are opening and closing quotients, and what effect do they have on voice quality?
What is the difference between “voice” and “voice quality”?
What are the main phonation types, and how are they defined?
What factors, other than phonation, influence voice quality?
How have we modified normal breathing to allow the production of speech?
Explain how air is set in motion in a pneumatic system.
What is the difference between esophageal and tracheo-esophageal airstreams?
What is the difference between implosives and reverse ejectives?
What are the main differences between pulmonic egressive speech and all other airstreams (apart from location or direction)?
What are the initiators that are used in natural language?
What pressure changes are associated with ingressive and egressive airflow respectively?
Explain the difference between vital capacity and total lung capacity.
How are volumes of air measured?
How is air pressure measured?
Compare the longest duration you can hold a sound with those of three of your colleagues. Record all four attempts on a good quality tape recorder with an external microphone. Tell each person to
Use headphones or earplugs to block out most of your own speech.Choose a brief reading passage (such as the “Rainbow Passage”) and record yourself reading the passage once with most of your
What are the three types of speech feedback mechanisms?
What is the relation between the position of the velum and breathing?
What are the supralaryngeal structures involved in speech production?
What is the glottis?
What controls tension of the vocal folds?
What is the “Adam's apple”?
Which cartilages of the larynx are the most important for speech production?
What controls the speed of airflow in speech?
What is needed to set a column of air in motion, and which parts of the vocal tract can fulfill this function?
What is the difference between the “vocal organs” and the “vocal tract”?
Given what you have read about the acoustics of speech, can you explain how sound travels under water, and why speech produced under water sounds so odd, compared to normal speech?
Use any available acoustic analysis package (either one provided by your instructor, or one that you can download free from the Internet) and compare spectrograms for the following samples: (a) the
How do spectrograms distinguish periodic and aperiodic sounds?
What are sound spectra?
Explain how resonance works.

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