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Questions and Answers of Communication Research

What are the three possible etiologic categories for articulation disorders? Give one example of each.
What is the difference between articulation or phonological delays and disorders?
How do mild, moderate, and severe articulation/phonological disorders differ from each other?
What is the difference between an articulation disorder and a phonological disorder?
Describe three places for consonant production.
Compare the functions of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts.
Which cranial nerves are most important to speech production?
How do neurons differ from glial cells?
Describe the representation of speech and language in the nervous system.
What are the major structures of the central nervous system?
What is a formant?
What are some functions of the larynx in addition to its role as a sound source for speech?
Why is the vocal fold frequency of vibration higher for women than for men?
What change in respiratory activity would be needed to talk louder?
What is the difference between static and mobile articulators?
Why does increasing the length of the vocal folds increase their frequency of vibration?
What are the parts of the vocal tract?
How are consonants different from vowels?
Describe three sound sources for speech production.
Describe the origins of African American English (AAE).a. Explain how AAE might be considered a language.b. Explain how AAE might be considered a dialect.
Why would understanding how individuals become bilingual matter to a speechlanguage pathologist or audiologist?
What are some examples of different types of bilinguals?
List both positive and negative assumptions that might be made about dialects. What are some potential impacts of these assumptions?
Describe how dialects are formed.
How can language and culture affect test taking?a. Explain some potential problems with translating tests from one language to another.b. How might differences in test-taking experiences affect test
Define and describe BICS and CALP.
Compare and contrast the processes of socialization and acculturation.a. How might differences in socialization practices affect school performance?b. What are reasons for acculturation?
What are some examples of sounds that may be difficult for children to produce at the time they enter kindergarten?
Name one important development that occurs in each area of language (content, form, and use) during each of the four major developmental periods (infancy, the preschool years, the school-age years,
Why can’t we pinpoint the language abilities a child should have at 3 years and 9 months of age?
What linguistic systems are involved in language form, language content, and language use?
What is the critical difference between these terms: phonemes, syllables, and morphemes?
What is the difference between language production and comprehension?
What are the important functions of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association?
What are the differences between certification and licensure?
What are the different ways of regulating the professions of speech-language pathology and audiology?
How can you differentiate between language delay, developmental language disorder, and acquired language disorder?
What are some common speech disorders in children and/or adults?
How can you differentiate between a communication disorder and a communication difference?
How did World War II affect communication sciences and disorders?
A hallmark of the discipline of communication sciences and disorders is that it is based on sound scientific principles and research findings. What term do we use today to describe how decisions
How does a discipline differ from a profession?
Using the samples on the CD compare the acoustic characteristics of linguolabial fricatives with dental fricatives, and dentolabial with labiodental fricatives. Produce broad band spectrograms of the
Record a natural conversation of about 6 minutes between some of your friends, and transcribe the middle 4 minutes of speech using normal orthography. Then add to the transcription details on
How can the transcription of prosodic information be integrated with segmental transcription? Illustrate your answer.
How can we show in a transcription of disordered speech how certain (or uncertain) we are of the appropriateness of our choice of symbols?
What are the main atypical places and manners of articulation?
What is the difference between “disordered speech” and “atypical speech”?
What transcriptions (using either GA or RP norms) would you expect of the following target items if you were told the speaker exhibited cluster reduction and final consonant deletion?
What transcriptions (using either GA or RP norms) would you expect of the following target items if you were told the speaker exhibits velar fronting and a lateral lisp for alveolar fricatives?
Make a recording (after first getting permission from the caregivers) of a young child between the ages of 2;6 and 4;0 interacting with family and/or friends. Try to get at least 10 minutes on video
Do library research on the topic of typical phonological processes encountered in normal phonological development and in delayed phonology. Compare and contrast the process names and process
What are typical prosodic disorders of speech?
What are typical phonological-level disorders of speech?
What are typical phonetic-level disorders of speech?
What is the difference between broad and narrow transcription? Why is broad transcription often insufficient in the clinic?
How should the terms phonetic and phonological be applied to the analysis of disordered speech?
Research the phonetics and phonology of any language other than English, or the languages described in this chapter. Draw up a list of as many systemic, structural, and realization differences as you
Research and make a list of all the countries you can find that have English as one of their official languages.
List any three features of Spanish-influenced English.
What characteristics of African American English are linked to an optimal syllable shape?
What is the “northern cities vowel shift"?
What are “breaking,” “shading,” and “umlaut” in southern accents?
What features are shared by Southern Hemisphere English?
Which British accents are rhotic?
What is “Canadian raising"?
What are systemic, realizational, and distributional differences between accents or lan-guages?
Research the phonetics and phonology of any language other than English, or the languages described in this chapter. Draw up a list of as many systemic, structural, and realization differences as you
Research and make a list of all the countries you can find that have English as one of their official languages.
Stress assignment. Add the primary (and if you can, secondary) stress marks to the following words (not all words will have secondary stress).(a) grasshopper (b) bachelor(c) personification (d)
Stress pairs. Some of the following words have stress pairs (one noun/adjective the other verb) with stress on different syllables. Transcribe all the words that have stress pairs (remember, vowel
Transcribe the strong and weak forms of the following function words.(a) would (b) am(c) have (d) had(e) is (f) must(g) to (h) should(i) has (j) some (unspecified quantity)
Connected speech. The following sentences could all contain examples of assimilations, weak forms, and possibly also elisions in casual speech. Transcribe each sentence using either G A or RP norms
Record 10 minutes of natural connected speech (either from friends or from the radio or television). Briefly describe the sample and the speakers involved. Ignore the first 5 minutes; then take any
Describe the variety of possible assimilation types, and note which ones occur in English. Give examples of all possible English juxtapositional assimilation types, using phonemic transcription. What
Explain how junctural ambiguities in connected speech may be resolved.
Use examples different from those given in the chapter, and put all examples into phonemic symbols with stress marks for primary and secondary stress.
Illustrate all the possible word stress patterns for four-syllable words.
Describe elision in English, giving examples from the various categories of elidable combinations. Use phonemic transcription for all your examples.
What does the term weak forms refer to? Illustrate your answer with examples in transcription.
What phonetic features are used to distinguish the approximants of English from one another?
In what ways does the allophonic variation of/n/ remind you of other alveolar consonants?
What are the main differences between sonorant and obstruent consonants?
What distinguishes the consonants /m, n, η/ from all other English consonant sounds?
What are syllabic nasals and laterals? Describe how they are made (include diagrams) and exemplify their use with typical examples.Research information on normal patterns of acquisition of these
Undertake a survey among family or friends (at least 15 people) on the use of apical-r and bunched-r. Explain the different types of /ɹ/, and ask them to tell you their use of these variants in
Draw up a list of words ending with potential /ʓ/ (e.g., "rouge" and "sabotage"). Choose at least 10 words. Record yourself and at least four other people saying these words in a carrier phrase
Draw up a list of words with initial "w" and "wh" (e.g., "witch" and "which"). Choose at least five words of each type. Record yourself and at least nine other people saying these words in a carrier
What pattern of distribution generally helps to distinguish the fortis and lenis dental fricatives in word-initial position?
What are the acoustic differences between the different places of articulation for fricatives?
What air channel differences hold between dental, alveolar, and postalveolar fricatives in English?
How are fortis and lenis fricative pairs distinguished by listeners?
Research the aerodynamic reasons that there is vowel shortening before fortis plosives, and that there is initial and final devoicing with lenis plosives.
Draw up a list of words with medial /t/ and medial /d/ (e.g., "matter" and "madder"). Choose at least five words of each type. Record yourself and at least nine other people saying these words in a
What is “flapping” in American English, and what are the rules for its use?
What place of articulation allophones are found with /t/ and /d/, and what contexts prompt these variants?
Describe the patterns of devoicing in English lenis fricatives and affricates.
What are the rules for the use of aspiration with English plosives?
Record yourself speaking all the vowels described in this chapter, and analyze the first three formants of each vowel using speech analysis software. How do your values compare to those listed in the
Record yourself and your friends speaking words with initial schwa (but not before velars) and final schwa (e.g., "annoy," "obtain," versus "China," "sofa"). Find at least 10 different words (5 each)

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