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elementary statistics

Questions and Answers of Elementary Statistics

14.20 A taste test was conducted with a regular beef pizza. Each of 133 individuals was given two pieces of pizza, one with a whole-wheat crust and the other with a white crust. Each person was then
14.21 According to a local college’s NEWS website(http://www.cincynet.cnyric.org/Computers/Career/news"es.htm), 60% of high school seniors have mastered basic math—decimals, fractions,
14.22 Fifty-one percent of grooms say they want to lose weight before their wedding day according to the June 30, 2005, USA Snapshot “Weigh-in before the wedding.” Suppose we wish to test the
14.23a. What parametric test procedure is comparable to the Mann–Whitney U test?b. What characteristic of the data used in a parametric test is not used in the Mann–Whitney U test?
14.24 Consider the side-by-side dotplots for the data values and for the ranks in Figure 14.2 on page 767. Do you see a different relationship between the two sets of data? Explain.
14.27 Determine the p-value that will result when testing the following hypotheses for experiments involving two independent samples:a. Ho: Average(A) Average(B)Ha: Average(A) Average(B)with nA
14.28 Of the seven Mann–Whitney U test p-values given in Applied Example 14.8 on page 772, six are less than 0.001 and the seventh is 0.20. Explain how these p-values relate to statements
14.29 Determine the critical value that would be used to test the following hypotheses for experiments involving two independent samples, using the classical method:a. Ho: Average(A) Average(B)Ha:
14.30 The Oregon Health & Science University’s news website (http://www.ohsu.edu/news/2003/071803smoke.html) gives information on a study that found that some commercial cigarette brands contained
14.31 [EX14-31] Pulse rates were recorded for 16 men and 13 women. The results are shown in the following table.These data were used to test the hypothesis that the distribution of pulse rates
14.32 [EX14-32] The Ohio State Proficiency test results for Toledo, Ohio, fourth-grade students was the highest recorded since the start of the statewide proficiency testing. Although the results
14.33 A study titled “Factors Leading to Reduced Intraocular Pressure after Combined Trabeculotomy and Cataract Surgery” in the Journal of Glaucoma
14.34 [EX14-34] An article in the International Journal of Sports Medicine discusses the use of the Mann–Whitney U test to compare the total cholesterol(mg/dL) of 35 adipose (obese) boys with that
14.35 [EX14-35] As part of a study to determine whether cloud seeding increased rainfall, clouds were randomly seeded or not seeded with silver nitrate. The amounts of rainfall that followed are
14.36 [EX14-36] Fifteen Texas and eleven Oklahoma peanut-producing counties were randomly identified, and the 2004 peanut yield rate, in pounds of peanuts harvested per acre, was recorded.Use the
14.40 Jessica did not believe she was playing a game with a fair die. She thought that if the die was fair, the tossing of the die should result in a random order of even and odd output. She
14.41 A manufacturing firm hires both men and women. The following shows the gender of the last 20 individuals hired (M male, F female).M M F M F F M M M M M M F M M F M M M M At the 0.05
14.42 In an attempt to answer the question, “Does the husband (h) or wife (w) do the family banking?”the results of a sample of 28 married customers doing the family banking show the following
14.43 [EX14-43] The following data were collected in an attempt to show that the number of minutes the city bus is late is steadily growing larger. The data are in order of occurrence.Minutes: 6 1 3
14.44 A student was asked to perform an experiment that involved tossing a coin 25 times. After each toss, the student recorded the results. The following data were reported (H heads, T tails).H
14.45 [EX14-45] According to a new survey—the Information and Communications Technologies in Schools Survey (http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/040610/d040610b.htm)—virtually all elementary and
14.46 [EX14-46] According to the March 10, 2005, USA Today article titled “Electronic world swallows up kids’ time, study finds,” U.S. children are spending an average of approximately 6.5
[EX14-47] The following are 24 consecutive downtimes (in minutes) of a particular machine.Downtime: 20 33 33 35 36 36 22 22 25 27 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 36 40 40 50 45 45 40 The null hypothesis of
14.48 Posted on the Economic Statistics Briefing Room page of the White House’s website on June 20, 2005, was the statement, “Median household income in 2002 in the United States was $42,409.”A
14.49 [EX14-49] The number of absences recorded at a lecture that met at 8 AM on Mondays and Thursdays last semester were (in order of occurrence)n(absences) 5 16 6 9 18 11 16 21 14 17 12 14 10 6 8
14.50 [EX14-50] The students in a statistics class were asked if they could be a good randomnumber generator. Each student was asked to write down a single digit from 0 through 9. The data was
14.52 Research Randomizer is a free service offered to students and researchers interested in conducting random assignment and random sampling.Although every effort has been made to develop a useful
14.55 Determine the test criteria that would be used to test the null hypothesis for the following Spearman rank correlation experiments:a. Ho: No relationship between the two variables.Ha: There is
14.56 [EX14-56] When it comes to getting workers to produce, money is not everything; feeling appreciated is more important. Do the rankings assigned by workers and the boss show a significant
14.58 [EX14-58] Reader’s Digest (July 2005) did a special report on “America’s Cleanest [and Dirtiest]Cities.” The 50 most populous U.S. cities were compared and ranked based on air
14.59 [EX14-59] The following data represent the ages of 12 subjects and the mineral concentration(in parts per million) in their tissue samples. Age, x 82 83 64 53 47 50 70 62 34 27 75 28 Mineral
The Journal of Professional Nursing article titled “The Graduate Record Examination as an Admission Requirement for the Graduate Nursing Program” reported a significant correlation between
The U.S. Department of Transportation tracks and reports a variety of information regarding airlines and airports. It reports the“percent on-time” frequently. Compare the percent on-time for the
Most people in the United States work in either trade or service jobs. “Trade” is defined as businesses such as retail stores, car dealers, and restaurants—places where goods are sold.
“Survey of Home Buyer Preferences”was conducted by the National Association of Home Builders to determine the features that home buyers really want. Respondents were to rate each feature
14.65 [EX14-65] As the following chart shows, what is “good enough” to qualify as “proficient”may vary widely from state to state. Education Week(February 20, 2002) compared the percent of
14.67 Using formula (3.2), calculate the Spearman rank correlation coefficient for the data in Example
14.14 (p. 787). Recall that formula (3.2) is equivalent to the definition formula (3.1) and that rank numbers must be used with this formula for the resulting statistic to be the Spearman rs.
14.70 [EX14-70] Research about the health practices of cardiovascular technologists compared the body mass index (BMI) of the technologists with that of the general population. Weight classification
14.71 [EX14-71] A sample of 32 students received the following grades on an exam.41 42 48 46 50 54 51 42 51 50 45 42 32 45 43 56 55 47 45 51 60 44 57 57 47 28 41 42 54 48 47 32a. Does this sample
14.72 [EX14-72] Is the absentee rate in the 8 AM statistics class the same as that in the 11 AM statistics class? The following sample of the daily number of absences was taken from the attendance
14.73 [EX14-73] Track coaches, runners, and fans talk a lot about the “speed of the track.” The surface of the track is believed to have a direct effect on the amount of time that it takes a
An article in the journal Sedimentary Geology compares a measure called the roughness coefficient for translucent and opaque quartz sand grains. If you measured the roughness coefficient for 20 sand
Twenty students were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 was taught an anatomy course using a standard lecture approach.Group 2 was taught using a computer-assisted approach. The test
Two statistics that baseball enthusiasts use to compare the overall strengths of one team against another are team batting average(the higher the batting average, the better) and team pitching
Consider the following sequence of defective parts (d) and nondefective parts (n) produced by a machine.n n n d n n n n n d n n n n n n n d n d n n n n Can we reject the hypothesis of randomness at
[EX14-82] A patient was given two different types of vitamin pills, one that contained iron and one that did not contain iron. The patient was instructed to take the pills on alternate days. To avoid
14.83 [EX14-83] What makes one company more attractive to work for than another? One possibility is the growth in new jobs. The editors of Fortune developed a list of the top 100 companies to work
14.84 [EX14-84] In a study to see whether spouses are consistent in their preferences for television programs, a market research firm asked several married couples to rank a list of 12 programs(1
14.85 [EX14-85] Can today’s high temperature be effectively predicted using yesterday’s high? Pairs of yesterday’s and today’s high temperatures were randomly selected. The results are shown
14.86 [EX14-86] U.S. commercial radio stations are classified by the primary format of their broadcasts.As people change their listening preferences, the stations are likely to react to the change by
14.87 [EX14-87] Every year before the college football season starts, Sports Illustrated presents its college football preview and ranks the top 25 teams based primarily on scouting reports. As the
14.89a. Do responses from the boys and the girls have the same distribution? Use the Mann–Whitney U test and 0.05.b. Rank the choices for the boys and girls separately of each other.c. Do the
Define a population of your choice and randomly sample the following variables:Variable 1: Gender or class level (freshmen, sophomore, upper classes, etc.)Variable 2: Name “The One Thing Want Most
One of the advantages of the nonparametric tests is the necessity for less restrictive assumptions. True/false
The sign test is a possible replacement for the F-test. True/false
The sign test can be used to test the randomness of a set of data. True/false
If a tie occurs in a set of ranked data, the data that form the tie are removed from the set. True/false
Two dependent means can be compared nonparametrically by using the sign test. True/false
The sign test is a possible alternative to Student’s t-test for one mean value. True/false
The runs test is a nonparametric alternative to the difference between two independent means. True/false
The confidence level of a statistical hypothesis test is measured by 1 . True/false
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is an alternative to using the linear correlation coefficient. True/false
The efficiency of a nonparametric test is the probability that a false null hypothesis is rejected. True/false
The weights (in pounds) of nine people before they stopped smoking and five weeks after they stopped smoking are listed here: [PT14-11]Find the 95% confidence interval estimate for the average weight
The following data show the weight gains(in ounces) for 20 laboratory mice, half of which were fed one diet and half a different diet. Test to determine whether the difference in weight gain is
A large textbook publishing company hired nine new sales representatives 3 years ago. At the time of hire, the nine were ranked according to their potential.Now 3 years later the company president
The new school principal thought there might be a pattern to the order in which discipline problems arrived at his office. He had his secretary record the grade levels of the students as they
What advantages do nonparametric statistics have over parametric methods?
Explain how the sign test is based on the binomial distribution and is often approximated by the normal distribution.
Why does the sign test use a null hypothesis about the median instead of the mean like a t-test uses?
Explain why a nonparametric test is not as sensitive to extreme data as a parametric test might be.
A restaurant has collected data on which of two seating arrangements its customers prefer. In a sign test to determine whether one seating arrangement is significantly preferred, which null
Discuss why age should be used instead of manufacture year. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700 1989 $18,200 1998
Convert manufacture year to the variable age, x, using the preceding formula. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700 1989
Construct side-by-side vertical dotplots of theasking price for each year of age. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700
Does it appear that the asking price for aCorvette is affected by its age? Describe the effectas pictured on the graph shown for question3. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price
Complete a one-way ANOVA and test the hypothesis that age has no effect on the asking price. Use 0.05. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001
What effect would using year of manufacture instead of age have on the above analysis? Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989
Discuss why using age instead of manufacture year results in a scatter diagram that is more representative of behavior of the price or value of a used car as it ages. Describe how a scatter diagram
Construct and label a scatter diagram of Peggy’s data. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700 1989 $18,200 1998 $26,500
Discuss the relationship between the side-byside dotplots drawn in question 3 and the scatter diagram drawn in question 8. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year
Determine the equation for the line of best fit. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700 1989 $18,200 1998 $26,500 1995
Draw the line of best fit on the scatter diagram. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700 1989 $18,200 1998 $26,500 1995
Test the question of the line of best fit to see whether the linear model is appropriate for the data. Use 0.05. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year
Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean advertised price for 1994 Corvettes. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989
Draw a line segment on the scatter diagram that represents the interval estimate found for question 13. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001
What does the value of the slope, b1, represent?Explain. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700 1989 $18,200 1998 $26,500
What does the value of the y-intercept, b0, represent?Explain. Asking Asking Asking Asking Asking Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price Year Price 2001 $35,800 1989 $15,700 1989 $18,200 1998
Write a meaningful paragraph answering the general questions of concern:a. Is the effect of age on price predictable?b. Can a meaningful relationship between the age and the typical asking price for
Define the population, the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the purpose for studying these two variables as a regression analysis.
Collect 15 to 20 ordered pairs of data.
Partition the independent variable values into three or more categories that are meaningful or appropriate for your data.
Complete a one-way ANOVA and test the hypothesis that the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable.
Construct and label a scatter diagram of your data.
Determine the equation for the line of best fit.
Draw the line of best fit on the scatter diagram.
8. Test the equation of the line of best fit to see whether the linear model is appropriate for the data. Use 0.05.
9. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean value of the dependent variable at the following value of x: Let x be equal to onethird the sum of the lowest value of x in your sample and twice
10. Draw a line segment on the scatter diagram that represents the interval estimate found for question 9.

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