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essentials of business communication

Questions and Answers of Essentials Of Business Communication

How do you want your message to sound?Knowing how your message should sound will always be critical. Always try to convey a respectful tone appropriate to your position in the organization. How a
Once you have analyzed your readers and your purpose, you can decide what you want and need to include and how you will phrase and arrange your ideas.
How should you arrange your ideas?
What ideas should you omit?
What ideas should you use to achieve the goals of the message?
What you write and how you write it should reflect your level of responsibility in the organization—the power relationship that exists between you and the reader. The image you project will change,
To have credibility as a writer in an organization, the image that you project should be appropriate to your position.
As an employee, you will be hired to perform the duties that define a particular job. As the one responsible for performing specific tasks, you will communicate with employees above you, below you,
What position do you have in the organization?
Determining why you are writing is as important as determining who your readers are. Purpose always relates to readers. And you may have more than one purpose. For example, you may be writing to
What do you want to achieve with your document?
Why do you need to write this document?
What situation led to the need for this document?Often, you can better understand your readers’ perspective if you understand the situation that requires you to write the document. The need for
How much does each person on this list know about your topic?Sometimes your primary reader may know the situation you are discussing, and the purpose of the report may be to inform others within the
Why is each person on the distribution list receiving a copy?
Who else might read what you write?Most reports and letters have distribution lists with the names of those who receive copies. A person on the distribution list may be the person who will ultimately
You may not know your readers personally. However, if you know an individual’s level in the organization, the responsibilities associated with that level, and the kind of technical expertise your
How well do you know your readers?
A host of factors determine your readers’ perception: education, family, geographical and cultural background, job responsibilities, rank in the organization, age, life experiences, and
What kind of relationship do you have with these readers? Do you know the readers’ attitude toward you, the subject matter you need to communicate, the job you have, and your area within the
Will your readers have interest in what you write? If not, how could you present your message to make it appealing?
If you work in an organization that does business with readers from other cultures, plan to do background reading on these cultures.
Do you know your readers’ cultural backgrounds?
Do you know or can you estimate your readers’ educational levels?
How much do your readers know about your topic?
Do your readers have expertise in this area?Readers with technical expertise in the area you discuss have different needs (and often different perspectives)from readers who lack technical expertise.
How much do your readers know about your topic?
Who else may read what I write?
Who will act on what I write?
Who will read what I write?
What are the main ideas?If you answer their questions at the beginning of your document, readers are more likely to continue reading.To answer these questions in the minds of your readers, you will
What will I have to do?
How does it affect me?
Do I have to read it?
What is this?
4. Determine the content by considering your readers’ frame of reference and your purpose in writing.
3. Understand your role in the organization as a writer and how your role should be reflected in what you write.
2. Know the goals you want your writing to achieve and the business context in which you need to communicate.
1. Determine as fully as possible who will read what you write.
(d) Compute the firm’s total wage bill.
(c) Compute the first-order condition from the union’s maximization problem. Use the demand curve and the first-order condition to solve for the wage and level of employment at the firm.
(b) Using this expression, write down the union’s maximization problem assuming the union maximizes the wage differential times the number of employed union members.
(a) Write down an algebraic expression for the wage differential times the number of employed union members.
5 Suppose a union has so much bargaining power over a firm that the union can set any wage it wants. In addition, suppose the union membership has collectively decided that their objective should be
(d) Compute the firm’s total wage bill.
(c) Compute the first-order condition from the union’s maximization problem. Use the demand curve and the first-order condition to solve for the wage and level of employment at the firm.
(b) Using this expression for the wage bill, write down the union’s maximization problem assuming the union maximizes the firm’s wage bill.
(a) Write down an algebraic expression for the firm’s total wage bill.
4 Suppose a union has so much bargaining power over a firm that the union can set any wage it wants. In addition, suppose the union membership has collectively decided that their objective should be
(d) Compare the solutions from the two sets of bargaining costs. What feature of the Rubinstein model have you illustrated? Explain.
(c) Now suppose that the delay costs fall to 100 for the firm only, i.e. CF =100, while the delay costs for the union remain unchanged at 200.Sketch the bargaining diagram and compute the Rubinstein
(b) Assuming the union makes the first offer, compute the Rubinstein solution to this bargaining problem.
(a) Sketch the bargaining game, showing the bargaining frontier, the effects of delay, and the disagreement point.
3 Suppose the bargaining frontier in firm-union contract negotiations is given by:where U is the union’s utility and π is the firm’s profit. Let the delay cost to the union be 200, i.e. CU = 200
(d) Compare the solutions from the two sets of bargaining costs. What feature of the Rubinstein model have you illustrated? Explain.
(c) Now suppose that delay costs fall to 50 for the union and the firm, i.e.CU = CF = 50. Sketch the bargaining diagram and compute the Rubinstein solution to the game.
(b) Assuming the firm makes the first offer, compute the Rubinstein solution to this bargaining problem.
(a) Sketch the bargaining game, showing the bargaining frontier, the effects of delay, and the disagreement point.
2 Suppose the bargaining frontier in a firm-union contract negotiation is given by:where U is the union’s utility and π is the firm’s profit. Let the delay cost to the union be 100, i.e. CU =
(e) Is there a first-offer advantage in this game?
(c) If the union makes the first offer, what is the Rubinstein solution to the bargaining problem?(d) If the firm makes the first offer, what is the Rubinstein solution to the bargaining problem?
(b) On the same diagram, sketch the bargaining frontier after a one-period delay. Again, indicate the horizontal and vertical intercepts on the diagram.
(a) Sketch the bargaining frontier on a diagram with U on the vertical andπ on the horizontal axis. Indicate the horizontal and vertical intercepts of the frontier.
1 Suppose the bargaining frontier is given by the following equation:where U is the union’s utility and π is the firm’s profit. Let the delay cost to the union be 10, i.e. CU = 10 and the delay
(d) What do economists call the wage you have determined?
(c) Based on your calculations, what wage do you think the firm should adopt? Explain.
(b) Compute the percentage wage changes and corresponding percentage output increases for the wage pairs $10.00 and $11.25, $11.25 and$12.00, and $12.00 and $12.50.
(a) Calculate the percentage change in the wage and the corresponding percentage change in output as the wage is increased from $8.00 to$10.00. Given that all other inputs at the firm are fixed,
7) A study by an economics consulting firm finds the following relationship between wages and output at a small firm hiring a fixed number of workers.Wage rate ($) Units of output 8.00 60 10.00 80
6 Suppose the value of marginal product for all workers in a firm is $20 per hour. Shirking is a major problem in the firm, so the manager of the firm proposes to institute a scheme of deferred
(c) The worker is paid less in her first year at the job than her market value. Why do you think a worker would opt for such an arrangement?
(b) Using this condition, calculate the wage the worker will be paid in the second year of the job.
(a) What condition must be true in order for the firm not to overpay or underpay the worker during her tenure at the firm?
5 Suppose that a worker is expected to stay with a firm for two years. The worker’s value of marginal product is $20,000 in the first year, rising to$25,000 in the second year owing to experience
(e) What potentially important aspect of the manager’s pay does this compensation scheme ignore? Explain.
(d) Assuming the pay scheme takes the form of a fixed payment P to the owner with all residual revenues from the business going to the manager, calculate the value of P.
(c) Assuming for the moment that the owner can observe the amount of shirking, derive the profit-maximizing hours of shirking at the business.
(b) Derive the pay constraint for the small business. What does the pay constraint represent?
(a) Derive the revenue function of the small business.
4 Suppose the owner of a small business is considering hiring a manager and has decided to opt for a performance-based scheme for the manager’s pay. Suppose a manager’s utility function is given
(c) Does the present value of the benefit from training exceed the present value of the cost?(d) Suppose the interest rate rises 15 percent. Will the training still be undertaken? Explain.
(b) Determine the worker’s wage in the second year.
(a) Determine the worker’s wage in the first year.
3 Suppose that the value of marginal product of an untrained worker is$20,000 per year and that one year of worker training raises productivity by 20 percent. Suppose training costs are $3,500 and
(c) Because the firm can exceed the present value of the cost?
(b) Determine the worker’s wage in the second year.
(a) Determine the worker’s wage in the first year.
2 Suppose that the value of marginal product of an untrained worker is$25,000 per year. One year of worker training costs $12,500 and raises the worker’s value of marginal product to $50,000.
1 In each of the following cases, state whether the case is an example of general or specific training and give a brief explanation.(a) A Bachelor of Arts in Economics.(b) Flight training on a Boeing
(c) Determine the new equilibrium wage in the labor market. Why do you think the wage does not rise by the full $10 required to compensate workers to work in these jobs?
(b) Now suppose that a new study reveals that the work has previously unknown harmful health effects to the extent that each worker now requires a compensating differential of $10 in order to work in
(a) Determine the equilibrium wage and level of employment in the labor market.
6 Suppose that the (inverse) demand for labor in a competitive market is given by:(and (inverse) labor supply is given by:
What is the intuition behind your answer? (Hint: compute the elasticities of demand and supply at the pre-tax equilibrium.)
(d) Explain why the group that bears the higher burden of the tax does so.
(c) Compare the workers wage before the payroll tax to the wage they receive after the tax is imposed. Likewise, compare the wage firms paid before the tax to the wage they pay after the tax is
(b) Suppose a payroll tax of 25 percent is introduced. Determine the equation of the labor demand curve incorporating the tax. Hence, determine the wage paid by the firms, the wage received by the
(a) Determine the equilibrium wage and level of employment in the labor market.
5 Suppose that the (inverse) demand for labor in a competitive market is given by:(and that the supply of labor is given by:
4 Suppose 100 firms in a labor market all have an identical short run production function given by f(L) = 4L1/2, and that the price of output is p= 100. Determine the market labor demand curve. If

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