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software testing and quality assurance

Questions and Answers of Software Testing And Quality Assurance

How cao we design secure, high-quality systems?
Are there alternative activities that can make our process more effective or efficient at ensuriog quality?
Give an example of problem analysis where the problem components are relatively simple, but the difficulty in solving the problem lies in the interconnections among subproblem components.
Explain the difference between errors, faults, and failures. Give an example of an error that leads to a fault in the requirements; the design; the code. Give an example of a fault in the
Why can a count of faults be a misleading measure of product quality?
Many developers equate technical quality with overall product quality. Give an example of a product with high technical quality that is not considered high quality by the customer. Are there ethical
Many organizations buy commercial software, thinking it is cheaper than developing and maintaining software in-house. Describe the pros and cons of using COTS software. For example, what happens if
What are the legal and ethical implications of using COTS software? Of using subcontractors? For example, who is responsible for fixing the problem when the major system fails as a result of a fault
The Piccadilly Television example, as illustrated in Figure 1.17, 'contains a great many rules and constraints. Discuss three of them and explain the pros and cons of keeping them outside the system
When the Ariane-5 rocket was destroyed, the news made headlines in France and elsewhere. Liberation, a French newspaper, called it "A 37-billion-franc fireworks display" on the front page. In fact,
what we mean by a "process"
software development products, processes, and resources
several models of the software development process
tools and techniques for process modeling
How does the description of a system relate to the notion of process models? For example, how do you decide what the boundary should be for the system described by a process model?
For each of the process models described in this chapter, what are the benefits and drawbacks of using the model?
For each of the process models described in this chapter, bow does the model handle a significant change in requirements late in development?
Draw a diagram to capture the process of buying an airplane ticket for a business trip.S. Draw a Lai artifact table to define a module. Make sure that you include artifact states that show the module
Using the notation of your choice, draw a process diagram of a software development process that prototypes three different designs and choose the best from among them.
Examine the characteristics of good process models described in Section 2.4. Which characteristics are essential for processes to be used on projects where the problem and solution are not well
In this chapter, we suggested that software development is a creation process, not a manufacturing process. Discuss the characteristics of manufacturing that apply to software development and explain
Should a development organization adopt a single process model for all of its software development? Discuss the pros and cons.
Suppose your contract with a customer specifies that you use a particular software development process. How can the work be monitored to enforce the use of this process?
Consider the processes introduced in this chapter. Which ones give you the most flexibility to change in reaction to changing requirements?
Suppose Amalgamated, Inc., requires you to use a given process model when it contracts with you to build a system. You comply, building software using the prescribed activities, resources, and
Do you understand my problem and my needs?
Can you design a system that will solve my problem or satisfy my needs?
How long will it take you to develop such a "System?
How much wiU it cost to have you develop such a system?
You are about to bake a two-layer birthday cake with icing. Describe the cake-baking project as a work breakdown structure. Generate an activity graph from that structure.What is the critical path?
Figure 3.23 is an activity graph for a software d evelopment project. The number corresponding to each edge of the graph indicates the number of days required to complete the activity represented by
Figure 3.24 is an activity graph. Find the critical path.START FIGURE 3.24 Activity graph for Exercise 3.
On a software development project, what kinds of activities can be performed in parallel?Explain why the activity graph sometimes hides the interdependencies of these activities.
Describe how adding personnel to a project that is behind schedule might make the project completion date even later.
A large government agency wants to contract with a software development firm for a project involving 20,000 lines of code. The Hardand Software Company uses Walston and Felix's estimating technique
Explain why it takes longer to develop a utility program than an applications program and longer still to develop a system program.
Manny's Manufacturing must decide whether to build or buy a software package to keep track of its inventory. Manny's computer experts estimate that it will cost $325,000 to buy the necessary
Brooks says that adding people to a late project makes it even later (Brooks 1975). Some schedule-estimation techniques seem to indicate that adding people to a project can shorten development time.
Many studies indicate that two of the major reasons that a project is late are changing requirements (called requirements volatility or instability) and employee turnover.Review the cost models
Even on your student projects, there are significant risks to your finishing your project on time. Analyze a student software development project and list the risks. What is the risk exposure? What
Many project managers plan their schedules based on programmer productivity on past projects. This productivity is often measured in terms of a unit of size per unit of time. For example, an
eliciting requirements from our customers
modeling requirements
reviewing requirements to ensure their quality
documenting requirements for use by the design and test teams
Developers work together with customers and users to define requirements and specify what the proposed system will do. If, once it is built, the system works according to specification but harms
Among the many nonfunctional requirements that can be included in a specification are those related to safety and reliability. How can we ensure that these requirements are testable, in the sense
In an early meeting with your customer, the customer lists the following "requirements"for a system he wants you to build:(.a) The client daemon must be invisible to the user(b) The system should
Write a decision table that specifies the rules for the game of checkers.
If a decision table has two identical columns, the n the requirements specification is redundant. How can we tell if the specification is contradictory? What other characteristics of a decision table
Write a Parnas table that describes the output of the algorithm for finding the roots of a quadratic equation using the quadratic formula.
Write a state-machine specification to illustrate the requirements of an automatic banking machine (ABM).
A state-machine specification is complete if and only if there is a transition specified for e very possible combination of state and input symbol. We can change an incomplete specification to a
A safety property is an invariant property that specifies that a particular bad behavior never happens; for example, a safety property of the turnstile problem is that the number of entries into the
Express these properties in temporal logic.
Prove that your safety and liveness properties from Exercise 8 hold for your statemachine model of your automated banking machine specification from Exercise
What assumptions do you have to ma ke about the ABM's environment (e.g., that the machine has sufficient cash) for your proofs to succeed?ll. Sometimes part of a system may be built quickly to
Draw data-flow diagrams to illustrate the functions and data flow for the on-line telephone directory system specified in the previous problem.
What are the benefits of separating functional flow from data flow?
What special kinds of problems are presented when specifying the requirements of realtime systems?
Contrast the benefits of an object-oriented requirements specification with those of a functional decomposition.
Write a Z specification for a presentation scheduling system. The system keeps a record of which presenters are to give presentations on which dates. No presenter should be scheduled to give more
Complete the partial SDL data specification for the library problem in Ftgure 4.20.In particular, write axioms for nongenerator operations unres erve , i sOnLoan, and isOnReserve. Modify your axioms
What kinds of problems should you look for when doing a requirements review? Make a checklist of these problems. Can the checklist be universally applicable or is it better to use a checklist that is
Is it ever possible to have the requirements definition document be the same as the requirements specification? What are the pros and cons of having two documents?
Pfleeger and Hatton (1997) examined the qua lity of a system that had been specified using formal methods. They found that the system was unusually well-structured and easy to test. They speculated
Sometimes a customer requests a requirement that you know is impossible to implement.Should you agree to put the requirement in the definition and specification documents anyway, thinking th at you
Find a set of natural-language requirements at your job or at this book's Web site. Review the requirements to determine if there are any problems. For example, are they consistent? Ambiguous?
views of software architecture
common architectural patterns
criteria for evaluating and comparing design a lternatives
software a rchitecture docume ntation
Is the architecture modular, we LI structured, and easy to unde rstand?
Can we improve the structure and unde rstandability of the architecture?
Is the a rchHecture portable to other platforms?
Are aspects of the architecture reusable?
Does the architecture support ease of testing?
Does the architecture maximize performance, where appropriate?
Does the architecture incorporate appropriate techniques for handling fauJts and preventing failures?
Can the architecture accommodate aU of the expected design changes and extensions that have been documented?
What type of architectural style is represented by the NIST/ECMA model (shown in Figure 5.22) for environment integration? (Chen and Norman 1992).
For each of the architectural styles described in this chapter, give an example of a realworld application whose softwa re design might incorpora te that style.
Review the four different architectural styles proposed by Shaw and Garlan (1996) to implement KW1C: repository, da ta abstraction, implicit invocation (a type of publishsubscribe ), and
Give an example of a system for which developing a prototype would not result in saving a significant amount of development time.
List the characteristics of a system for which prototyping is most appropriate.
Explain why modularity and application generators are inseparable concepts. Give an example of an application generator with which you have worked.
Explain why a shared data architecture is not easy to reuse.
List the characteristics you might include in an architecture evaluation table similar to Table 5.2. For each of the following systems, identify the weights you might use for each characteristic: an
Many of your class projects require you to develop your programs by yourself. Assemble a small group of students to perform an architectural review for one such project. Have several students play
You have been hired by a consulting firm to develop an income tax calculation package for an accowiting firm. You have designed a system according to the customer's requirements and presented your
For each of the systems described below, sketch an appropriate software architecture and explain how you would assign key functionalities to the design's components.(.a) a system of automated banking
Propose a redesign of your software architecture for the system of automated banking machines from the previous exercise so that it improves performance. Propose an alternate redesign that improves
Suggest how the weather forecasting application in exercise ll(d) might detect faults in its data sensors.
Derive the cut-set trree for the fault tree given in Figure 5.11.
Table 5.4 shows a cost-benefit analysis for three competing design proposals. The computation of benefits is based on projections that the rate of queries could increase to a peak of 200 queries per
Your university wants to automate the task of checking that students who are scheduled to graduate have actually satisfied the degree requirements in their respective majors. A key challenge in
Design a simple full-screen editor on a video display terminal. The editor allows text to be inserted, deleted, and modified. Sect.ions of text can be "cut" from one part of the file and"pasted" to
What data need to be "processed" in some way?
What items have multiple attributes?
When do we have more than one object in a class?

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