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software testing and quality assurance

Questions and Answers of Software Testing And Quality Assurance

What information is based on the requirements themselves, and not derived from our understanding of the requirements?
What attributes and operations are always applicable to a class or object?
Identify the data, data structures, and relationships among them.
Design services to manage the data structures and relationships.
Find tools, such as database management systems, to implement some of the data management tasks.
Design classes and class hierarchies to oversee the data management functions.
Manny, the Royal Service Station manager, is going to expand his services to include an automated car washing system. The customer chooses the type of wash and specifies the type of car. The system
What is the signi.ficance of Lorenz and Kidd's specialization index? What are the implications of a high specialization index? A low one? A major change in the index as the product evolves?
Can an 00 approach be used to develop any system? What are the strengths of object orientation? What are its weaknesses? Give an example of a system where object orientation would not be an
There is stamp coupling between two software units if one of those units passes complex data structures to the other unit (e.g., as parameters in a method call). Suggest a way to refine such a design
In the Ariane-5 design. the developers made a conscious decision to leave out the exception handling for three of seven exceptions that could be raised. What are the legal and ethical implications.
For each type of cohesion, write a descriptiolll of a component exhibiting that kind of cohesion.
For each type of coupling, give an example of two components coupled in that way.
For a project that you have already developed fo r another class, draw a system diagram of your software using multiple levels of interconnected components. How modular was your system? What kind of
Can a system ever be completely "decoupled"? That is, can the degree of coupling be reduced so much that there is no coupling between compone nts? Why or why n ot?
Are the re some systems tha t cannot be made completely functionally cohesive? Why or why not?
For each of the quality attributes in the quality models of Chapter 1, explain how the characte ristics of good design contribute to the product quality. For example, how do coupling, cohesion, and
For a complex module that you have already developed fo:r another project, specify the module at varying degrees of abstraction (according to the descriptions in Sidebar 6.3).How might each
Provide an interface specification for a module that serves as an English- French dictiona ry. The module should provide facilities for adding new words to the dictionary, looking up the
Conside r the following procedure interface for a module that sorts data:PROCEDURE sort (a [] : INTEGER)en•ure: reorders elements so that they are in nondecreasing order In what ways could this
Consider a module that takes two a rrays of integers, and creates and returns a new array of integers whose elements are the sums of the respective elements of the input arrays.How might this module
Inexperienced 00 programmers often implement the following class hierarchy, where a Stack class is defined to be a subclass of List:CLASS List {data: array (1 .. 100] of INTEGER;count: INTEGER:= 0
Consider the following four specifications to insert an element val into a list l i st. For e ach pair of specifications, state whether one is substitutable for the other. Defend your answer.(a)
An alternate version to specification 18(a) would be (a') below, which declares an exception rather than requiring that the list not already contain the element to be inserted:(a') exception: throws
Rewrite the specifications in Section 6.8 (on design documentation) to use exceptions.
You are about to choose between two modules to use in your design, both of which compute the minimum value in an array of integers. One module returns the smallest representable integer if the input
Consider a simplified 00 design, shown in Figure 6.47, for a banking system. Accounts can be created at the bank, and money can be deposited and withdrawn from the account.An account is accessed by
A bank must report to the government's tax institution all transactions (deposits and withdrawals) that exceed $10,000. Building on the initial design of the banking system from question 22, use the
Does the component perform the function or provide the data you need?
If minor modificatjon is required, is it Jess modification than buiJding the component from scratch?
Is the component well-documented, so you can understand it without having to ve rify its implementation line by line?
Is there a complete record of the component's test and revision history, so you can be certain that it contains no fa ults?
lden1ifying a related problem: Are there d ata, algorithms, libraries, or me thods that we can use to attack our problem?
Restating the problem: What are the key definitions? Cao the problem be generalized or made more specific to make it more tractable? Can simplifying assumptio ns be made?
Decomposing the problem: What are the essential elements of the problem? Can the data be partitioned into categories, so that each category can be processed separately?
D efine the features that the programmers wiU implement, using stories to describe the way the system wiU work
Describe detailed tests that they will run when the software is ready, to verify that the stories were implemented properly
We call a statement in any language a compute d case type of statement if it branches to one of several areas in the program, depending on the value of a variable. Discuss the positive and negative
If one person has written a component but others have revised it, who is responsible if the component fails? What are the legal and ethical implications of reusing someone else's component?
A list is a data structure that can be defined recursively. Give a recursive definition of a list. If you are familiar with a programming language that has recursive procedures(such as LISP or PUI),
Give an example to show how a language designed for recursion makes list handling easier to understand than a language without such provision.
You are asked to write a program to print out a yearly calendar. The user enters the year desired, and the output is a calendar for that year. Discuss how the representation of internal data will
The common algorithm for calculating the roots of a quadratic equation by the quadratic formula requires considering several special cases in your code. Write appropriate comments for this algorithm
Find out the paging algorithm for a computer operating system with which you are familiar. Write external documentation for the algorithm, explaining to a user how paging is done.
Look at a program you have submitted as a project in another class. Can it be improved by using the suggestions in this chapter? If so, how? Does incorporating these suggestions make your program
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the same standardized language or tools across all applications in your organization?JO. When code components are generated automatically by a tool
How can control flow be documented for an object-oriented program?
When your code expects a unique value, is there a path that generates a unique result?
When there are many possible values, is there a way to select a unique resuJt?
Are there useful cases that are not handled?
Examine the fault categories in Hewlett-Packard's classification scheme, shown in Figure 8.1. Is this an orthogonal classification? If not, explain why, and suggest ways to make it orthogonal.
Let P be a program component that reads a list of N records and a range condition on the record key. The first seven characters of the record fonn the record key. P reads the key and produces an
Complete the proof of the example in the text illustrated by Figure 8.5. In other words, write assertions to correspond to the flow diagram. Then, find the pa ths from input condition to output.
Suppose a program contains N decision points, each of which has two branches. How many test cases are needed to perform path testing on such a program? If there are M choices at each decision point,
Consider a program How diagram as a directed graph in which the diamonds and boxes of the program a re nodes, and the logic How arrows between them a re di.reeled edges. For example, the program in
Programmable problem: Write a program that accepts as input the nodes and edges of a directed graph and prints as output all possible paths through the graph. What are the major design considerations
Figure 8.22 illustrates the component hierarchy in a software system. Describe the sequence of tests for integrating the components using a bottom-up approach,a top-down approach, a modified top-down
Explain why the graph of Figure 8.19 can be interpreted to mean that if you find many faults in your code at compile time, you should throw away your code and write it again.
What are some possible explanations for the behavior of the graph in Figure 8.19?
A program is seeded with 25 faults. During testing, 18 faults are detected, 13 of which are seeded faults and 5 of which are indigenous faults. What is Mills's estimate of the number of indigenous
You claim that your program is fault-free at a 95% confidence level. Your test plan calls for you to test until you find all seeded faults. With how many faults must you seed the program before
Discuss the differences in testing a business-critical system, a safety-critical system, and a system whose failure would not seriously affect lives, health, or business.
Give an example of an object-oriented system where synchronization problems require careful testing.
If an independent test team does integration testing and a critical fault remains in the code after testing is complete, who is legally and ethically responsible for the damage caused by the fault?
Suppose you are building a tax preparation system that has three components. The first component creates forms on the screen, allowing the user to type in name, address, tax identification number,
Is the system using actual input from users o r devices, or are special cases generated by a program or surrogate device?
What are the test coverage criteria?
How will data be recorded?
Are there timing, interface, equipment, personnel, database, or other limitations on testing?
If the test is a series of smaller tests, in what order are the tests to be performed?
Consider the development of a two-pass assembler. Outline its functions and describe bow you might test it so that each function is tested thoroughly before the next function is examined. Suggest a
Certification is an outside source's endorsement of a system's correctness. It is often granted by comparing the system to a predefined standard of performance. For example, the U.S. Department of
When you develop a build plan, you must take into account the resources available to both developers and customers, including time, staff, and money. Give examples of resource constraints that can
Suppa;e a mathematician's calculator has a function that computes the slope and intercept of a line.The requirement in the definition document reads:"The calculator shall accept as input an equation
In Chapter 4, we discussed the need for requirements to be testable. Explain why testability is essential for performance testing. Use examples to support your explanation.
What kinds of performance tests might be required for a word processing system? A payroll system? An automated bank teller system? A water-quality monitoring system? A powe r plant control system?
An air traffic control system can be designed to serve one user or many. Explain how such a system can have a variety of configurations, and outline how a set of configuration tests might be designed.
A navigation system is about to be installed on an airplane. What issues must be conside red as you design the installation test?
The following news release from CNN describes a software feature whose proper implementation might have prevented the crash of Korean Air Lines Hight 801 in Guam in August 1997. What type of testing
Give an example to show tha t testing is sometimes impossible without using a device simula tor. Give another example to show the need for a system simulator.
Comment on the discrepancy report form in Figure 9.15 in light of the questions that we should be able to answer about the failure by reading the form.
A payroll system is designed so that there is an employee information record for each pe rson who works for the company. Once a week, the employee record is updated with the numbe r of hours worked
Willie's Wellies PLC has commissioned Robusta Systems to develop a computer-based system for testing the strength of its complete Line of rubber footwear. Willie's bas nine factories in various
Write a test script for testing the LEVEL function described in this chapter.
In this chapter, we have proposed a reliability measures in terms of mean time to failure, availability in terms of mean time between failures, and maintainability in terms of mean time to repair.
A safety-critical system fails and several lives are lost. When the cause of the failure is investigated, the inquiry commission discovers that the test plan neglected to consider the case that
If a system's ultra-high-reliability requirement means that the reliability can never be verified, should the system be used anyway?
Sometimes, customers hire an independent organization (separate from the development organization) to do independent verification and validation (V & V). The V & V staff examines all aspects of
In this chapter, we introduced two functions: the distribution function, F(t), and the reliability function, R(t). If the reliability of a system improves as we test and fix it, what happens to the
Sidebar 9.6 describes two versions of VxWorks software, one for a 68000 chip and one for an R6CXX> chip. Explain the configuration management issues related to building one system for two different
A test oracle is a hypothetical person or machine that can tell when actual test results are the same as expected results. Explain the needl for including a test oracle in developing testing theory.
Outline a build plan for testing the Piccadilly system.
Prototyping allows the users to try out a working model of a system before the actual system is complete. Explain how prototyping can be counterproductive if it creates task interference during
Give an example of a system for which user training and operator training are the same.
The user of an automated system need not be familiar with computer concepts. However, knowledge of computers is beneficial for most operators. In what cases should the user of am automated system be
Examine the user docwnentation for a computer system at your school or job. Is it clear and easy to understand? Would it be understandable to a user who knows little about computers? Are the failure
Suppose a system's failure philosophy is to mediate the problem behind the scenes, without the user's knowledge. In a safety-critical system, what are the legal and ethical implications of not
Table 10.3 contains some of the failure messages in a reference guide for an actual BASIC interpreter. Comment on the clarity, amount of information, and appropriateness for user or operator.
Categorize the following systems as S-, P-, or E-systems. For each one, explain why it belongs in that category. Identify those aspects of the system that may change.(a) an air traffic control
Explain why a high degree of coupling among components can make maintenance very difficult.

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