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statistical sampling to auditing

Questions and Answers of Statistical Sampling To Auditing

Find an example in the research literature of a study that used at least five different conditions and create a data set that might have come from this experiment. Apply several of the techniques we
Students often have difficulty seeing why a priori and post hoc tests have different familywise error rates. Make up an example (not necessarily from statistics) that would help to explain the
In Exercise 11.8 we considered a study by Foa et al. concerning therapy for victims of rape.The raw data can be found on the Web site at Ex12.26.dat. Apply the Benjamini & Hochberg LSU procedure to
Using the data from Exercise 11.27, perform the appropriate test(s) to draw meaningful conclusions from the study by Davey et al. (2003).
Using the data from Exercise 12.1, compute effect sizes on all of the contrasts that you ran with that question. How would you interpret these effect sizes? Why are these called standardized effect
Using the data from Exercise 12.1, compute confidence interval for the first comparison(contrast) described in that question. Interpret your answer. (If you use SPSS, use the Compare Means/One-Way
Stone, Rudd, Ragozzino, and Gold (1992) investigated the role that glucose plays in memory.Mice were raised with a 12-hour light-on/light-off cycle, starting at 6:00 a.m. During training mice were
Interpret the results in Exercise 12.20.
Using the data in Epineq.dat, compute both the linear and quadratic trend tests on the three drug dosages. Do this separately for each of the three intervals. (Hint: The linear coefficients are
In Exercise 12.18 it would not have made much of a difference whether we combined the data across the three intervals or not. Under what conditions would you expect that it would make a big
Use any statistical package to apply the Tukey and Scheffé procedures to the data from Introini-Collison and McGaugh (1986), described in the exercises for Chapter 11 (page 366).Do these analyses
Write a brief report of the results computed for Exercise 12.17.
Fit linear and quadratic trend components to the Conti and Musty (1984) log transformed data in Table 11.6. The control condition received 0 μg of THC. For purposes of this example, assume that
The Bonferroni multistage test is sometimes referred to as a modified sequentially rejective procedure. Why?
How could a statistical package that did not have a Bonferroni command be used to run the Bonferroni t test on the data in Exercise 12.7?
Using SPSS to apply Dunnett’s test to the log transformed data in Table 11.6.
Apply the Tukey procedure to the log transformed THC data from Table 11.6 (page 348).What is the maximum FW for this procedure?
Run the Games and Howell (1976) approach to Tukey’s HSD procedure for unequal sample sizes on the following data.Group 1 2 3 4 5 Xj 10 18 19 21 29 nj 8 5 8 7 9 s2j 7.4 8.9 8.6 7.2 9.3 12.11 Use the
Why might you be more interested in running specific contrasts on the data referred to in Exercises 12.8?
Run a Tukey test on the example given in Table 11.2 (page 332) and interpret the results.
Run the Bonferroni t test on the data for Exercise 11.1, using the contrasts supplied in Exercise==12.2. Set the maximum FW at .05.
Compute the Fs for the following linear contrasts in Exercise 11.3. Save the results for use in Chapter 13.a. 1 and 2 versus 3 and 4b. 1 and 3 versus 2 and 4c. 1 and 4 versus 2 and 3d. What questions
Compute the Studentized range statistic for the two groups in Exercise 11.2 and show that it is equal to t"2 (where t is taken from Exercise 11.2b).
Compute F for the linear contrast on the two groups in Exercise 11.2. Is this a waste of time? Why or why not?
What would be the per comparison and familywise error rates in Exercise 12.2? (Hint: Are the contrasts orthogonal?)
Using the data from the first exercise in Chapter 11, compute the linear contrasts for Counting and Rhyming versus Adjective and Imagery, and then compare the Adjective versus Imagery conditions. Use
Assume that the data that follow represent the effects of food and/or water deprivation on behavior in a learning task. Treatments 1 and 2 represent control conditions in which the animal received ad
Linda Teri and her colleagues (Teri, 1997) examined nonpharmacological treatments of patients with Alzheimer’s disease suffering from depression. They had two behavioral treatments, one emphasizing
With four groups you could have the means equally spaced along some continuum, or you could have three means approximately equal to each other and a fourth one different, or you could have two means
In the study by Conti and Musty (1984) on the effects of THC on activity, the means clearly do not increase linearly with dosage. What effect, if any, should this have on any magnitudeof-effect
Some experimenters have a guilty conscience whenever they transform data. Construct a reasoned argument why transformations are generally perfectly acceptable.
Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al. (2000) examined task performance of users of the drug Ecstacy and compared that with a group of Cannibis users and a control group of Nonusers. There were 28 participants in
Strayer, Drews, & Couch (2006) ran a study in which they compared the driving behavior of a control group, a group that was at the legal limit for alcohol, and a group that was talking on a cell
Rerun Exercise 11.29, this time using Epineq.dat. (The results will differ somewhat because the data are different.) Calculate the average of the three error terms (MSerror) and show that this is
Use the data in Epinuneq.dat to run three separate one-way analyses of variance, one at each retention interval. In each case, test the null hypothesis that the three dosage means are equal. Have
On the reasonable assumption that there are no important differences from one interval to the next, combine the data by ignoring the Interval variable and run the analysis of variance on Dosage. Use
In Exercise 7.46 you had data on students who had lost a parent through death, who came from a divorced household, or who grew up with two parents. You then ran three separate t tests comparing those
Davey, Startup, Zara, MacDonald, and Field (2003) were interested in the role of mood on the degree of compulsive checking in which a person engaged. (Compulsive checking is involved in a number of
Give an example of a study in which the main independent variable would be a random variable.
Suppose that we wanted to run a study comparing recall of nouns and verbs. We present each subject with 25 nouns or 25 verbs and later ask for recall of the list. We look at both differences between
Would a transformation of the data in Table 11.2 be useful in terms of equalizing the variances?What transformation would you suggest applying, if any?
In Exercise 11.22 the data were transformed from their original units, which were in seconds.What effect would this have on the shape of the distributions?
Darley and Latané (1968) recorded the speed with which subjects summoned help for a person in trouble. Subjects thought either that they were the only one listening to the person(Group 1, n 5 13),
Calculate h2 and v2 for the data in Exercise 11.17.
Run the analysis of variance for the transformed data you obtained in Exercise 11.19.
Apply a square-root transformation to the data in Table 11.6.
Rerun the analysis of Exercise 11.17, leaving out the Never ADD group. In what way does this analysis clarify the interpretation of the data?
Howell and Huessy (1981) classified children as exhibiting (or not exhibiting) attention deficit disorder (ADD)-related behaviors in second, fourth, and fifth grade. The subjects were then sorted on
When F is less than 1, we usually write “
Write an appropriate statistical model for Exercise 11.3. Save it for later use in Chapter 13.
Write an appropriate statistical model for Exercise 11.2.
Write an appropriate statistical model for Exercise 11.1.
The data for Exercise 11.8 can be found on the Web site at Ex11.12.dat. Run that analysis using SPSS or other software, and include tests for heterogeneity of variance and Welch’s modification to
Reanalyze the data in Table 11.1 for the Giancola study using a logarithmic transformation.What effect does that transformation have?
What would happen if the sample sizes in Exercise 11.8a were twice as large as they actually were, but all other statistics remained the same?
Calculate h2 and v2 for the data in Exercise 11.8 and interpret the results.
Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdock (1991) conducted a study evaluating four different types of therapy for rape victims. The Stress inoculation therapy (SIT) group received instructions on coping with
Calculate h2 and v2 for the data in Exercise 11.3.
Calculate h2 and v2 for the data in Exercise 11.2. Would you assume a fixed or a random model?
Refer to Exercise 11.2. Suppose that we collected additional data and had two more subjects in the Younger group, with scores of 13 and 15.a. Rerun the analysis of variance.b. Run an independent
Refer to Exercise 11.3. Now run an analysis of variance on treatments 1 and 2 combined compared with treatments 3 and 4 combined. What hypothesis are we testing?
Another way of looking at the data from Eysenck’s (1974) study is to compare four groups of subjects. One group consisted of Younger subjects who were presented the words to be recalled in a
Another aspect of the study by Eysenck (1974), referred to in Exercise 11.1, compared Younger and Older subjects on their ability to recall material in the face of instructions telling them that they
Eysenck (1974) ran a study in which participants were required to recall a list of words. The conditions varied in terms of whether subjects simply counted the number of letters in a word, thought of
Rosenthal and others (cited earlier) have argued that small effects, as indexed by a small r2, for example, can be important in certain situations. We would probably all agree that small effects
Repeat the analysis shown in Exercise 10.19, but this time cross-tabulate ClinCase against Gender.a. Compare this answer with the results of Exercise 10.18.b. How does this analysis differ from the
In Exercise 7.48 using Mireault.dat, we compared the responses of students who had lost a parent and students who had not lost a parent in terms of their responses on the Global Symptom Index T score
Using Mireault’s data on this book’s Web site (Mireault.dat), calculate the point-biserial correlation between Gender and the Depression T score. Compare the relevant aspects of this question to
On page 312 I noted that Rosenthal and Rubin showed that an r2 of .1024 actually represented a pretty impressive effect. They demonstrated that this would correspond to a x2 of 20.48, and with 100
Assume in Exercise 10.14 that there were five entering clinical students. They produced the following data:Student 1: 1 4 2 6 5 3 9 10 7 8 Student 2: 4 3 2 5 7 1 10 8 6 9 Student 3: 1 5 2 6 4 3 8 10
Rerun the analysis on Exercise 10.14 using Kendall’s t.
In a study of diagnostic processes, entering clinical graduate students are shown a 20-minute videotape of children’s behavior and asked to rank order 10 behavioral events on the tape in the order
For the data in Exercise 10.12,a. Compute Kendall’s t.b. Test t for significance.
An investigator wants to arrange the 15 items on her scale of language impairment on the basis of the order in which language skills appear in development. Not being entirely confident that she has
An investigator is interested in the relationship between alcoholism and a childhood history of attention deficit disorder (ADD). He has collected the following data, where a 1 represents the
Visualize the data in Exercise 10.9 as fitting into a contingency table.a. Compute the chi-square on this table.b. Show the relationship between chi-square and w.
Some people think that they do their best work in the morning, whereas others claim that they do their best work at night. We have dichotomized 20 office workers into morning or evening people (0 5
The distinction between confidence intervals and prediction intervals in regression is often difficult to grasp. Do a Google search to find a clear explanation of the distinction.
Going back to the example on popularity and academic achievement, run the appropriate test to compare the correlations in males and females between Perceived Popularity and Sociometric Popularity.
In 1801 a celestial object named Ceres was discovered by Giuseppi Piazzi at 2.767 astronomical units from the sun. It was called a dwarf planet, but those are now plutoids. If it were classed as a
In 2005 an object was discovered out beyond Pluto that was (unofficially) named Xena and now is called Eris. It is larger than Pluto but is not considered a planet—the new title is “plutoid.”It
In a recent e-mail query, someone asked about how they should compare two air pollution monitors that sit side-by-side and collect data all day. They had the average reading per monitor for each of
In Chapter 2 I presented data on the speed of deciding whether a briefly presented digit was part of a comparison set and gave data from trials on which the comparison set had contained one, three,
The slope (b) used to predict the weights of males from their heights is greater than the slope for females. Is this significant, and what would it mean if it were?
Given a male and a female student who are both 5960, how much would they be expected to differ in weight? (Hint: Calculate a predicted weight for each of them using the regression equation specific
Use your scatterplot of the data for students of your own gender and observe the size of the residuals. (Hint: You can see the residuals in the vertical distance of points from the line.)What is the
The following data are the actual heights and weights, referred to in this chapter, of female college students.a. Make a scatterplot of the data.b. Calculate the regression coefficients for these
The following data represent the actual heights and weights referred to earlier for male college students.a. Make a scatterplot of the data.b. Calculate the regression equation of weight predicted
One of the assumptions lying behind our use of regression is the assumption of homogeneity of variance in arrays. One way to examine the data for violations of this assumption is to calculate
Using the data referred to in Exercise 9.28,a. calculate the correlations among all of the Brief Symptom Inventory subscales. (Hint:Virtually all statistical programs are able to calculate these
Using the data from Mireault and Bond (1992) in the file Mireault.dat, at http://www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/methods8/DataFiles/DataSets.html, is there a relationship between how well a student performs in
Moore and McCabe (1989) found some interesting data on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco that illustrate an important statistical concept. Their data, taken from the Family Expenditure Survey of
Make up your own example along the lines of the “smoking versus life expectancy” example given on pp. 270–271 to illustrate the relationship between r2 and accountable variation.
What conclusions can you draw from the difference between the correlations in Exercises 9.23 and 9.24?
Katz et al. replicated their experiment using subjects whose SAT Verbal scores showed considerably more within-group variance than those in the first study. In this case the correlation for the group
In the study by Katz, Lautenschlager, Blackburn, and Harris (1990) used in this chapter and in Exercises 7.13 and 7.29, we saw that students who were answering reading comprehension questions on the
and 9.21. She obtained the data for all 50 states on several variables associated with school performance, including expenditures for education, SAT performance, percentage of students taking the
Guber (1999) actually assembled the data to address the basic question referred to in Exercises
In Exercise 9.20 how many districts would you need for power 5 .80?
You want to demonstrate a relationship between the amount of money school districts spend on education and the performance of students on a standardized test such as the SAT. You are interested in

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