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statistical sampling to auditing

Questions and Answers of Statistical Sampling To Auditing

What is the 75th percentile for GPA in Appendix Data Set? (This is the point below which 75% of the observations are expected to fall.)
What does the answer to Exercise 3.15 suggest about the importance of reference groups?
For all seniors and non-enrolled college graduates taking the GRE in October 1981, the mean and the standard deviation were 507 and 118, respectively. How does this change the answers to Exercises
In Exercise 3.13 what score would be equal to or greater than 75% of the scores on the exam? (This score is the 75th percentile.)
In October 1981, the mean and the standard deviation on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE)for all people taking the exam were 489 and 126, respectively. What percentage of students would you expect to
Unfortunately, the whole world is not built on the principle of a normal distribution. In the preceding example the real distribution is badly skewed because most children do not have language
A number of years ago a friend of mine produced a diagnostic test of language problems.A score on her scale is obtained simply by counting the number of language constructions(e.g., plural, negative,
We have sent out everyone in a large introductory course to check whether people use seat belts. Each student has been told to look at 100 cars and count the number of people wearing seat belts. The
A dean must distribute salary raises to her faculty for the next year. She has decided that the mean raise is to be $2,000, the standard deviation of raises is to be $400, and the distribution is to
A certain diagnostic test is indicative of problems only if a child scores in the lowest 10% of those taking the test (the 10th percentile). If the mean score is 150 with a standard deviation of 30,
Under what conditions would the answers to parts (b) and (c) of Exercise 3.6 be equal?
A set of reading scores for fourth-grade children has a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 5. A set of scores for ninth-grade children has a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 10. Assume that
The person in charge of the project in Exercise 3.3 counted only 950 shoppers entering the store. Is this a reasonable answer if he was counting conscientiously? Why or why not?
Using the example from Exercise 3.3:a. What two values of X (the count) would encompass the middle 50% of the results?b. 75% of the counts would be less than ———.c. 95% of the counts would be
Suppose we want to study the errors found in the performance of a simple task. We ask a large number of judges to report the number of people seen entering a major department store in one morning.
Using the distribution in Exercise 3.1, calculate z scores for X 5 2.5, 6.2, and 9. Interpret these results.
Assume that the following data represent a population with μ 5 4 and s 5 1.63:X 5 [1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7]a. Plot the distribution as given.b. Convert the distribution in part (a) to a
Do an Internet search using Google to find how to create a kernel density plot using SAS or S-Plus.
Under what conditions will a transformation alter the shape of a distribution?
Draw a boxplot to illustrate the difference between reaction times to positive and negative instances in reaction time for the data in Table 2.1. (These data can be found at this book’s Web site as
Compute the 10% Winsorized standard deviation for the data in Table 2.6—Set 32.
Compute the 10% trimmed mean for the data in Table 2.6—Set 32.
Go to Google and find an example of a study in which the coefficient of variation was reported.
For the data in Appendix Data Set, the GPA has a mean of 2.456 and a standard deviation of 0.8614. Compute the coefficient of variation as defined in this chapter.
Compute the coefficient of variation to compare the variability in usage of “and then . . .”statements by children and adults in Exercises 2.1 and 2.4.
Create a boxplot for the variable ADDSC in Appendix Data Set.
Create a boxplot for the data in Exercise 2.4.
Using the results demonstrated in Exercises 2.34 and 2.35, transform the following set of data to a new set that has a standard deviation of 1.00:[5 8 3 8 6 9 9 7].
In Exercise 2.4, what percentage of the scores fall within plus or minus two standard deviations from the mean?
In Exercise 2.1, what percentage of the scores fall within plus or minus two standard deviations from the mean?
Compare the answers to Exercises 2.40 and 2.41. Is the standard deviation for children substantially greater than for adults?
Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exercise 2.4.
Calculate the range, variance, and standard deviation for the data in Exercise 2.1.
Use SPSS to superimpose a normal distribution on top of the histogram in the previous exercise.(Hint: This is easily done from the pulldown menus in the graphics procedure.)
In one or two sentences, describe what the following graphic has to say about the grade point averages for the students in our sample.
The accompanying output applies to the data on ADDSC and GPA described in Appendix:Data Set. The data can be downloaded as the Add.dat file at this book’s Web site. How do these answers on measures
Create a sample of 10 numbers that has a mean of 8.6. How does this illustrate the point we discussed about degrees of freedom?
Given the following set of data, show that multiplying each score by a constant multiplies all measures of central tendency by that constant:[8 3 5 5 6 2].
Given the following set of data, demonstrate that subtracting a constant (e.g., 5) from every score reduces all measures of central tendency by that constant:[8, 7, 12, 14, 3 7 ].
A group of 15 rats running a straight-alley maze required the following number of trials to perform at a predetermined criterion level:Trials required to reach criterion: 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Number
Make up a unimodal set of data for which the mean and median are equal but are different from the mode.
Using the positively skewed set of data that you created in Exercise 2.6, does the mean fall above or below the median?
Make up a set of data for which the mean is greater than the median.
The following data from http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/socy441/trends/marrage.html show society changes of age at marriage over a 50-year period. What trends do you see in the data and what
More recent data on AIDS/HIV world-wide can be found at http://data.unaids.org/pub/EpiReport/2006/2006_EpiUpdate_en.pdf. How does the change in U.S. incidence rates compare to rates in the rest of
The following data represent the number of AIDS cases in the United States among people aged 13–29 for the years 1981 to 1990. This is the time when AIDS was first being widely recognized. Plot
The following data represent U.S. college enrollments by census categories as measured from 1976 to 2007. The data are in percentages. Plot the data in a form that represents the changing ethnic
Rogers and Prentice-Dunn (1981) had subjects deliver shock to their fellow subjects as part of a biofeedback study. They recorded the amount of shock that the subjects delivered to white participants
The following figure is adapted from a paper by Cohen, Kaplan, Cunnick, Manuck, and Rabin (1992), which examined the immune response of nonhuman primates raised in stable and unstable social groups.
One frequent assumption in statistical analyses is that observations are independent of one another. (Knowing one response tells you nothing about the magnitude of another response.)How would you
In addition to comparing the three distributions of reaction times, as in Exercise 2.23, how else could you use the data from Table 2.1 to investigate how people process information?
Sternberg ran his original study (the one that is replicated in Table 2.1) to investigate whether people process information simultaneously or sequentially. He reasoned that if they process
In Table 2.1 (page 17), the reaction-time data are broken down separately by the number of digits in the comparison stimulus. Create three stem-and-leaf displays, one for each set of data, and place
Use the data from Exercises 2.14 and 2.15 to show thata. g 1X 1 Y2 5 gX 1 gY.b. gXY 2 gXgY.c. gCX 5 CgX. (where C represents any arbitrary constant)d. aX2 2 AaXB2.
Using the data from Exercises 2.14 and 2.15, record the two data sets side-by-side in columns, name the columns X and Y, and treat the data as paired.a. Calculate gXY.b. Calculate gXgY.c. Calculate
Using the data from Exercise 2.15,a. calculate AgYB2 and gY2.b. calculate gY2 2 AgYB2 NN 2 1c. calculate the square root of the answer for part (b).d. what are the units of measurement for parts (b)
Using the data from Exercise 2.14,a. calculate AgXB2 and gX2.b. calculate gX/N, where N 5 the number of scores.c. what do you call what you calculated in part (b)?
The data for the North Americans in Exercise 2.17 were [9 9 5 3 8 4 6 6 5 2]. Using Y for this variable,a. what are Y1 and Y10?b. calculate gY.
In a hypothetical experiment, researchers rated 10 Europeans and 10 North Americans on a 12-point scale of musicality. The data for the Europeans were [10 8 9 5 10 11 7 8 2 7]. Using X for this
Create a stem-and-leaf display for the ADDSC score in Appendix: Data Set.
Draw a histogram for the GPA data in Appendix: Data Set referred to at the beginning of these exercises. (These data can also be obtained at http://www.uvm.edu/~dhowell/methods8/DataFiles/Add.dat.)
What would you predict to be the shape of the distribution of the number of movies attended per month for the next 200 people you meet?
The following stem-and-leaf displays show the individual grades referred to in Exercise 2.8 separately for males and females. From these results, what would you conclude about any differences between
In Exercise 2.8, what would be the first and third quartiles (approximately) for males and females?
In my undergraduate research methods course, women generally do a bit better than men.One year I had the grades shown in the following boxplots. What might you conclude from these boxplots?
Create a bimodal set of data that represents some actual phenomenon and plot it.
Create a positively skewed set of data and plot it.
Use a back-to-back stem-and-leaf display (see Figure 2.5) to compare the data from Exercises 2.1 and 2.4.
As part of the study described in Exercise 2.1, the experimenter obtained the same kind of data for 50 adults. The data follow:10 12 5 8 13 10 12 8 7 11 11 10 9 9 11 15 12 17 14 10 9 8 15 16 10 14 7
What difficulty would you encounter in making a stem-and-leaf display of the data in Exercise 2.1?
Create a histogram for the data in Exercise 2.1 using a reasonable number of intervals.
Any of you who have listened to children tell stories will recognize that, unlike adults, they tend to recall stories as a sequence of actions rather than as an overall plot. Their descriptions of a
The Journal of Public Health published data on the relationship between smoking and health(see Landwehr & Watkins [1987]). They reported the cigarette consumption per adult for 21 mostly Western and
The Chicago Tribune of July 21, 1995, reported on a study by a fourth-grade student named Beth Peres. In the process of collecting evidence in support of her campaign for a higher allowance, she
Do a Google search to find synonyms for what we have called an independent variable.(Always remember that Google is your friend when you don’t fully understand what I have presented.)
Do a Google search for a clear discussion of internal validity.
Give two examples of studies in which our primary interest is in looking at differences among groups.
What does Exercise 1.16say about speed used as an index of motivation?
We trained rats to run a straight-alley maze by providing positive reinforcement with food.On trial 12, a rat lay down and went to sleep halfway through the maze. What does this say about the
Give an example of a variable that might be said to be measured on a ratio scale for some purposes and on an interval or ordinal scale for other purposes.
Give one example of each kind of measurement scale.
Give an example in which the thing we are studying could be either a measurement or a categorical variable.
Give an example of a study in which we do not care about the actual numerical value of a population average, but want to know whether the average of one population is greater than the average of a
Give an example of a study in which we are interested in estimating the average score of a population.
Give three examples of discrete variables.
Give three examples of continuous variables.
Write a sentence describing an experiment in terms of an independent and a dependent variable.
Give two examples of independent variables and two examples of dependent variables.
Why would choosing names from a local telephone book not produce a random sample of the residents of that city? Who would be underrepresented and who would be overrepresented?
If the student body of your college or university were considered a sample, as in Exercise 1.2, would this sample be random or nonrandom? Why?
Under what conditions would the entire student body of your college or university be considered a sample?
Under what conditions would the entire student body of your college or university be considered a population?
Refer to problem 8-33, concerning the audit of inventory. Mary now decides to use dollar unit sampling rather than mean-per-unit.Required :a. Would it be acceptable to use dollar unit difference
Refer to problem 8-26, concerning the audit of accounts receivable and inventory. You have decided to use simple attributes instead of mean-per-unit estimation because no errors are expected in the
Before the sample of inventory for pricing was selected for Armandy Department Stores (see problem 7-22), a new staff member, Joe Krebbs, who had taken statistical sampling in auditing in college,
When your supervisor reviews the audit working papers for Maylo Supply Company (see problem 5-45), he concludes that difference estimation may not have been the most appropriate statistical method.
For each of the following populations concerning the valuation of raw- materials inventory, the client and auditor have agreed to an adjustment of the client’s recorded value equal to the amount of
For each of the following populations concerning the valuation of raw- materials inventory, the client and auditor have agreed to an adjustment of the client’s recorded value equal to the amount of
What determines which phenomena are amenable to empirical modeling?
(a) Explain intuitively why statistical information, in the form of chance regularity patterns, is different from substantive subject-matter information.(b) Explain how these two types of information

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