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statistics for experimentert

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Experimentert

4.1 The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (www.iihs.org, June 11, 2009) published data on repair costs for cars involved in different types of accidents. In one study, seven different 2009
●● use percentiles and z scores to describe relative standing.
●● use Chebyshev’s Rule and the Empirical Rule to make statements about a data distribution.
●● identify outliers in numerical data.
●● construct and interpret a boxplot.
●● compute and interpret the values of the sample standard deviation and the interquartile range.
●● compute and interpret the values of the sample mean and the sample median.
●● the difference between a sample statistic and a population characteristic.Students will be able to:
●● the impact that outliers can have on measures of center and spread.
●● how the variance and standard deviation describe variability in a data set.
CR3.13 How does the speed of a runner vary over the course of a marathon (a distance of 42.195 km)? Consider determining both the time (in seconds) to run the first 5 km and the time (in seconds) to
CR3.12 The paper “Lessons from Pacemaker Implantations”(Journal of the American Medical Association [1965]: 231–232) gave the results of a study that followed 89 heart patients who had received
CR3.11 The article “Determination of Most Representative Subdivision” (Journal of Energy Engineering [1993]: 43–55)gave data on various characteristics of subdivisions that could be used in
CR3.10 A poll conducted by the Associated Press–Ipsos on public attitudes found that most Americans are convinced that political corruption is a major problem (San Luis Obispo Tribune, December 9,
CR3.9 Students in California are required to pass an exit exam in order to graduate from high school. The pass rate for San Luis Obispo High School has been rising, as have the rates for San Luis
CR3.3 Sometimes samples are composed entirely of volunteer responders. Give a brief description of the dangers of using voluntary response samples.
CR3.1 Does eating broccoli reduce the risk of prostate cancer? According to an observational study from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (see the CNN.com web site article titled
3.71 ● Americium 241 (241Am) is a radioactive material used in the manufacture of smoke detectors. The article“Retention and Dosimetry of Injected 241Am in Beagles”(Radiation Research [1984]:
3.70 ● Many nutritional experts have expressed concern about the high levels of sodium in prepared foods. The following data on sodium content (in milligrams) per frozen meal appeared in the
3.69 ● Living-donor kidney transplants are becoming more common. Often a living donor has chosen to donate a kidney to a relative with kidney disease.The following data appeared in a USA Today
3.67 ● 2005 was a record year for hurricane devastation in the United States (San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 30, 2005). Of the 26 tropical storms and hurricanes in the season, four hurricanes
3.66 “If you were taking a new job and had your choice of a boss, would you prefer to work for a man or a woman?” That was the question posed to individuals in a sample of 576 employed adults
3.65 The article “The Healthy Kids Survey: A Look at the Findings”(San Luis Obispo Tribune, October 25, 2002) gave the accompanying information for a sample of fifth graders in San Luis Obispo
3.64 ● The accompanying data on household expenditures on transportation for the United Kingdom appeared in “Transport Statistics for Great Britain: 2002 Edition” (in Family Spending: A Report
3.63 ● The article “Tobacco and Alcohol Use in G-Rated Children’s Animated Films” (Journal of the American Medical Association [1999]: 1131–1136) reported exposure to tobacco and alcohol
3.61 According to the National Association of Home Builders, the average size of a home in 1950 was 983 ft2. The average size increased to 1500 ft2 in 1970, 2080 ft2 in 1990; and 2330 ft2 in 2003(San
3.60 ● The National Telecommunications and Information Administration published a report titled “Falling Through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion” (U.S. Department of Commerce, October 2000)
3.59 Does the size of a transplanted organ matter? A study that attempted to answer this question (“Minimum Graft Size for Successful Living Donor Liver Transplantation,”Transplantation
3.58 ● People suffering from Alzheimer’s disease often have difficulty performing basic activities of daily living (ADLs). In one study (“Functional Status and Clinical Findings in Patients
3.57 ● The article “A Nation Ablaze with Change” (USA Today, July 3, 2001) gave the accompanying data on percentage increase in population between 1990 and 2000 for the 50 U.S. states. Also
3.56 The stem-and-leaf display of Exercise 3.55 uses only four stems. Construct a stem-and-leaf display for these data using repeated stems 1H, 2L, 2H, . . . , 4L.For example, the first observation,
3.54 The report referenced in Exercise 3.53 also gave average math SAT scores for the three language groups, as shown in the following table.First Language Learned Average Math SAT English 521
3.53 Each year the College Board publishes a profile of students taking the SAT. In the report “2005 College Bound Seniors: Total Group Profile Report,” the average SAT scores were reported for
3.52 The article “Most Smokers Wish They Could Quit”(Gallup Poll Analyses, November 21, 2002) noted that smokers and nonsmokers perceive the risks of smoking differently. The accompanying
6. Explain why looking at the distribution of the differences(Step 5) provides more information than the comparative stem-and-leaf display (Step 4). What information is lost in the comparative
5. For each observation in the data set, compute the difference dominant-hand count 2 nondominant-hand count Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the differences.Comment on the interesting features
4. Now construct a comparative stem-and-leaf display that allows you to compare dominant-hand count to nondominant-hand count. Does the display support the theory that dominant-hand count tends to be
3. Using the class data set, construct a comparative stem-and-leaf display with the right-hand counts displayed on the right and the left-hand counts displayed on the left of the stem-and-leaf
2. Create a class data set by recording the values of the three variables listed in Step 1 for each student in your class.
1. Flip a coin to determine which hand you will measure first. If the coin lands heads side up, start with the right hand. If the coin lands tails side up, start with the left hand. With the
10. Would you be comfortable generalizing your conclusions in Step 8 to the population of students at your school? Explain why or why not.
9. Write a paragraph commenting on the level of knowledge of U.S. geography demonstrated by the students participating in this study.
8. Which state, Vermont or Nebraska, is closer to the state in which your school is located? Based on the pie chart, do you think that the students at your school were better able to identify the
7. Construct a comparative bar chart that shows the proportion correct and the proportion incorrect for each of the two states considered.
6. What proportion of sampled students were able to correctly identify Nebraska on the map?
5. What proportion of sampled students were able to correctly identify Vermont on the map?
4. Construct a pie chart that summarizes the data in the table from Step 3.
3. When the data collection process is complete, summarize the resulting data in a table like the one shown here:Response Frequency Correctly identified both states Correctly identified Vermont but
2. Use the sampling method from Step 1 to obtain the subjects for this study. Subjects should be shown the accompanying map of the United States and asked to point out the state of Vermont. After the
1. Working as a class, decide how you will select a sample that you think will be representative of the students from your school.
3.51 Explain why the following graphical display (similar to one appearing in USA Today, September 17, 2009) is misleading.
3.49 The two graphical displays below are similar to ones that appeared in USA Today (June 8, 2009 and July 28, 2009). One is an appropriate representation and the other is not. For each of the two,
3.48 The accompanying graph is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (August 5, 2008). This graph is a modified comparative bar graph. Most likely, the modifications (incorporating hands and the
3.46 The accompanying comparative bar chart is from the report “More and More Teens on Cell Phones”(Pew Research Center, www.pewresearch.org, August 19, 2009).
3.45 The accompanying time series plot of movie box office totals (in millions of dollars) over 18 weeks of summer for both 2001 and 2002 is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (September 3,
3.44 The report “Trends in Higher Education’ (www.collegeboard.com) gave the accompanying data on smoking rates for people age 25 and older by education level.Percent Who Smoke Year Not a High
3.43 ● The article “Cities Trying to Rejuvenate Recycling Efforts” (USA Today, October 27, 2006) states that the amount of waste collected for recycling has grown slowly in recent years. This
3.42 ● The accompanying table gives the cost and an overall quality rating for 10 different brands of men’s athletic shoes and nine different brands of women’s athletic shoes
3.41 ● The accompanying table gives the cost and an overall quality rating for 15 different brands of bike helmets (www.consumerreports.org).Cost Rating 35 65 20 61 30 60 40 55 50 54 23 47 30 47 18
3.40 The report “Wireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey” (Center for Disease Control, 2009) gave the following estimates of the percentage of
3.39 ● Consumer Reports Health (www.consumerreports.org)gave the accompanying data on saturated fat (in grams), sodium (in mg), and calories for 36 fast-food items.Fat Sodium Calories 2 1042 268 5
3.38 The accompanying table gives data from a survey of new car owners conducted by J.D. Power and Associates (USA Today, June 16 and July 17, 2010). For each brand of car sold in the United States,
3.36 Construct a histogram corresponding to each of the five frequency distributions, I–V, given in the following table, and state whether each histogram is symmetric, bimodal, positively skewed,
3.34 The authors of the paper “Myeloma in Patients Younger than Age 50 Years Presents with More Favorable Features and Shows Better Survival” (Blood [2008]: 4039–4047)studied patients who had
3.33 Use the relative frequency distribution constructed in Exercise 3.32 to answer the following questions.a. Construct a cumulative relative frequency plot for the Medford rainfall data.b. Use the
3.32 ● Example 3.19 used annual rainfall data for Albuquerque, New Mexico, to construct a relative frequency distribution and cumulative relative frequency plot. The National Climate Data Center
3.31 The accompanying frequency distribution summarizes data on the number of times smokers who had successfully quit smoking attempted to quit before their final successful attempt (“Demographic
3.29 The report “Trends in College Pricing 2012” (www.collegeboard.com) included the information in the accompanying relative frequency distributions for public and for private not-for-profit
3.28 ● U.S. Census data for San Luis Obispo County, California, were used to construct the following frequency distribution for commute time (in minutes)of working adults (the given frequencies
3.27 The following two relative frequency distributions are based on data that appeared in The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 23, 2013). The data are from a survey of students at four-year
3.26 ● Medicare’s new medical plans offer a wide range of variations and choices for seniors when picking a drug plan (San Luis Obispo Tribune, November 25, 2005). The monthly cost for a
3.25 ● The data in the accompanying table represents the percentage of workers who are members of a union for each U.S. state and the District of Columbia (AARP Bulletin, September 2009).State % of
3.24 ● The accompanying relative frequency table is based on data from the 2012 College Bound Seniors Report for California.Score on SAT Critical Reading Exam Relative Frequency for Males Relative
3.23 ● The accompanying data on annual maximum wind speed (in meters per second) in Hong Kong for each year in a 45-year period were given in an article that appeared in the journal Renewable
3.22 The data in the accompanying table are from The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 23, 2013). Entries in the table are the number of people enrolled in college in 2011 per 100,000 people for
1. One solution is to use repeated stems. Consider a scheme that divides the leaf range into five parts: 0 and 1, 2 and 3, 4 and 5, 6 and 7, and 8 and 9. Then, for example, stem 0 could be repeated
3.21 ● The percentage of teens not in school or working in 2010 for the 50 states were given in the 2012 Kids Count Data Book (www.aecf.org) and are shown in the following table:State Rate Alabama
3.20 ● ▼ A report from Texas Transportation Institute (Texas A&M University System, 2005) titled “Congestion Reduction Strategies” included the accompanying data on extra travel time for peak
3.19 The U.S. gasoline tax per gallon data for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia were listed in the article “Paying at the Pump” (AARP Bulletin, June 2010).State Gasoline
3.17 ● The article “Going Wireless” (AARP Bulletin, June 2009)reported the estimated percentage of households with only wireless phone service (no land line) for the 50 U.S. states and the
3.16 ● ▼ The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, conducted in 2006 and 2007 by the Office of Applied Studies, led to the following state estimates of the total number of people ages 12 and
3.15 ● The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services provided the data in the accompanying table in the report “Births: Preliminary Data for 2007” (National Vital Statistics Reports, March
3.14 The article “Fraud, Identity Theft Afflict Consumers” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, February 2, 2005) included the accompanying breakdown of identity theft complaints by type.Type of Complaint
3.13 An article about college loans (“New Rules Would Protect Students,” USA Today, June 16, 2010) reported the percentage of students who had defaulted on a student loan within 3 years of when
3.10 The survey on student attitude toward e-books described in Exercise 3.5 was conducted in 2011.A similar survey was also conducted in 2012 (The Chronicle of Higher Education, August 23, 2013).
3.8 The report “Findings from the 2009 Administration of the College Senior Survey” (Higher Education Research Institute, 2010) asked a large number of college seniors how they would rate
3.7 The article “Housework around the World” (USA Today, September 15, 2009) included the percentage of women who say their spouses never help with household chores for five different
3.6 The Center for Science in the Public Interest evaluated school cafeterias in 20 school districts across the United States. Each district was assigned a numerical score on the basis of rigor of
3.5 College student attitudes about e-books were investigated in a survey of 1625 students. Students were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the following statement:“I would like to be
3.3 The survey referenced in the previous exercise was conducted by Robert Half Technology. This company issued a press release (“Whistle—But Don’t Tweet—While You Work,”
3.2 The accompanying graphical display is similar to one that appeared in USA Today (October 22, 2009).It summarizes survey responses to a question about whether visiting social networking sites is
3.1 Each person in a nationally representative sample of 1252 young adults age 23 to 28 years old was asked how they viewed their “financial physique”(“2009 Young Adults & Money Survey
●● construct and interpret a time series plot.
●● construct and interpret a scatterplot of bivariate numerical data.
●● construct and interpret graphical displays designed to compare groups:comparative bar charts and comparative stem-and-leaf displays.
●● construct and interpret graphical displays of numerical data: stem-and-leaf displays, histograms, and relative frequency graphs.
●● construct and interpret graphical displays of categorical data: pie charts and segmented bar charts.
●● how time series plots are used to investigate trend over time.Students will be able to:
●● how a scatterplot is used to investigate the relationship between two numerical variables.
●● how a graphical display of numerical data is described in terms of center, shape, and spread.

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